§14ὅμως δὲ θαυμάζω τῶν ἀξιούντων τὸν ἀέρα, ψυχρὸν εἶναι διὰ τὸ καὶ σκοτεινόν, εἰ μὴ συνορῶσιν ἑτέρους ἀξιοῦντας θερμὸν εἶναι διὰ τὸ καὶ κοῦφον.
Yet I wonder at those who claim that air is cold because it is also dark, if they do not see that others claim it is hot because it is also light.
οὐ γὰρ οὕτω τῷ ψυχρῷ τὸ σκοτεινὸν ὡς τὸ βαρὺ καὶ στάσιμον οἰκεῖόν ἐστι καὶ συγγενὲς· πολλὰ γὰρ ἄμοιρα θερμότητος ὄντα μετέχει λαμπηδόνος, ἐλαφρὸν δὲ καὶ κοῦφον καὶ ἀνωφερὲς οὐδέν ἐστι τῶν ψυχρῶν.
For the dark is not so akin and cognate to the cold as the heavy and the stable; for many things that have no share of heat partake of brightness, but nothing among cold things is buoyant, light, or carried upward.
ʼ ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ νέφη, μέχρι μὲν ἀέρος μᾶλλον προσήκει, μετεωρίζεται μεταβαλόντα δʼ εἰς ὑγρὸν εὐθὺς ὀλισθάνει καὶ τὸ κοῦφον οὐχ ἧττον ἢ τὸ θερμὸν ἀποβάλλει, ψυχρότητος ἐγγιγνομένης καὶ τοὐναντίον ὅταν θερμότης ἐπέλθῃ, πάλιν, ἀναστρέφει τὴν κίνησιν, ἅμα τῷ μεταβαλεῖν εἰς ἀέρα τῆς οὐσίας ἄνω φερομένης.
Nay, even clouds, as long as they belong more to air, remain aloft, but having changed into liquid they immediately slip down, and they lose their lightness no less than their heat when coldness arises in them. And conversely, when heat comes upon them, they reverse their movement again, their substance being carried upward at the same time as it changes into air.
καὶ μὴν οὐδὲ τὸ τῆς φθορᾶς ἀληθές ἐστιν· οὐ γὰρ εἰς τοὐναντίον ἀλλʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐναντίου φθείρεται τῶν ἀπολλυμένων ἕκαστον, ὥσπερ τὸ πῦρ ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος εἰς τὸν ἀέρα.
And indeed, the argument about destruction is not true either; for each of the things that perish is destroyed not into its opposite but by its opposite, just as fire is destroyed by water into air.
τὸ γὰρ ὕδωρ ὁ μὲν Αἰσχύλος εἰ καὶ τραγικῶς ἀλλʼ ἀληθῶς εἶπε
"
παύσυβριν δίκην πυρός· "
Ὅμηρος δὲ τῷ ποταμῷ τὸν Ἥφαιστον καὶ τῷ Ποσειδῶνι τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα κατὰ, τὴν μάχην φυσικῶς μᾶλλον ἢ μυθικῶς ἀντέταξεν.
For of water Aeschylus, even if tragically, yet truly said, 'the pride-quelling punishment of fire'; and Homer, in the battle, opposed Hephaestus to the river, and Apollo to Poseidon, more in accordance with physics than mythology.
ὁ δ̓ Ἀρχίλοχος ἐπὶ τῆς τἀναντία φρονούσης οὐ κακῶς εἶπε
"
τῇ μὲν ὕδωρ ἐφόρει
δολοφρονέουσα χειρί, τἠτέρῃ δὲ πῦρ. "
ἐν δὲ Πέρσαις τῶν ἱκετευμάτων μέγιστον ἦν καὶ ἀπαραίτητον, εἰ πῦρ λαβὼν ἱκετεύων καὶ ἐν ποταμῷ βεβηκὼς ἀπειλοίη μὴ τυχὼν τὸ πῦρ, εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ ἀφήσειν· ἐτύγχανε μὲν γὰρ ὧν ἐδεῖτο, τυχὼν δʼ ἐκολάζετο διὰ τὴν ἀπειλὴν ὡς παρὰ νόμον καὶ κατὰ τῆς φύσεως γενομένην.
And Archilochus spoke not badly of the woman of deceitful mind: 'In one hand she carried water with treacherous intent, and in the other fire.' And among the Persians, the greatest and most unavoidable of supplications was if a suppliant, taking fire and standing in a river, threatened that, if he did not obtain his request, he would cast the fire into the water; for he would obtain what he needed, but having obtained it, he was punished because of the threat, as having acted contrary to law and against nature.
καὶ τοῦτο δὴ· τὸ πρόχειρον ἅπασι
πῦρ ὕδατι μιγνύναι
τὸ παροιμιαζόμενον ἐν τοῖς ἀδυνάτοις, μαρτυρεῖν ἔοικεν ὅτι τῷ πυρὶ τὸ ὕδωρ πολέμιόν ἐστι καὶ ὑπὸ τούτου φθείρεται καὶ κολάζεται σβεννύμενον, οὐχ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀέρος τίον ὡς ὑπολαμβάνει τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ δέχεται μεταβάλλοντος· εἰ γὰρ αἰτία εἰς ὃ μεταβάλλει τὸ φθειρόμενον ἐναντίον ἐστί, τί μᾶλλον τῷ ἀέρι τὸ πῦρ ἢ τὸ ὕδωρ ἐναντίον φανεῖται;
And indeed, this common saying, 'to mix fire with water', used as a proverb for impossible things, seems to witness that water is hostile to fire, and that fire is destroyed and punished by being extinguished by water, not by air, which, though some assume it to be the opposite, receives and welcomes its substance when it changes; for if the destination into which the perishing thing changes is the cause of its being the opposite, why will fire appear more opposite to air than to water?
μεταβάλλει γὰρ εἰς ὕδωρ συνιστάμενος; εἰς δὲ πῦρ διακρινόμενος· ὥσπερ αὖ πάλιν τὸ ὕδωρ διακρίσει μὲν εἰς ἀέρα φθείρεται συγκρίσει δʼ εἰς γῆν, ὡς μὲν ἐγὼ νομίζω διʼ οἰκειότητα τὴν πρὸς, ἀμφότερα καὶ συγγένειαν, οὐχ ὡς ἐναντίον ἑκατέρῳ καὶ πολέμιον.
For it changes into water when condensed, and into fire when rarefied; just as, conversely, water is destroyed into air by rarefaction and into earth by condensation, as I believe, because of its affinity and kinship to both, not because it is opposite and hostile to either.
ἐκεῖνοι δέ, ὁποτέρως ἂν εἴπωσι, τὸ ἐπιχείρημα διαφθείρουσι.
But they, whichever way they speak, ruin their argument.
πήγνυσθαί γε μὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀέρος; φάναι τὸ ὕδωρ ἀλογώτατόν ἐστιν, αὐτὸν τὸν ἀέρα μηδαμοῦ πηγνύμενον ὁρῶντας.
At any rate, to say that water is frozen by air is most irrational, when we see that air itself is frozen nowhere.
νέφη γὰρ καὶ ὁμίχλαι καὶ κνηκίδες οὐ πήξεις εἰσὶν ἀλλὰ συστάσεις καὶ παχύτητες ἀέρος διεροῦ καὶ ἀτμώδους ὁ δʼ ἄνικμος καὶ ξηρὸς οὐδʼ ἄχρι ταύτης τὴν κατάψυξιν ἐνδέχεται τῆς μεταβολῆς.
For clouds, mists, and drizzles are not freezings, but condensations and thickenings of moist and vaporous air, while dry and moistureless air does not admit even enough cooling to undergo this change.
ἔστι γὰρ ἃ τῶν ὀρῶν οὐ λαμβάνει 1 νέφος; οὐδὲ δρόσον οὐδʼ ὁμίχλην, εἰς καθαρὸν ἀέρα καὶ ἄμοιρον ὑγρότητος ἐξικνούμενα τοῖς ἄκροις ᾧ μάλιστα δῆλόν ἐστιν ὡς αἱ κάτω πυκνώσεις καὶ συστάσεις τῷ ἀέρι συμμεμιγμένον ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν ἐνδιδοῦσι.
For there are some mountains that receive no cloud, dew, or mist, since their summits reach into pure air that has no share of moisture; by which it is most clear that the lower thickenings and condensations impart to the air the moisture and cold mixed with it.