§17ὅτι μὲν οὖν τὸ πρὸς ἔπαινον ἀλλότριον καὶ δόξαν ἀντιπαραβάλλειν ἑαυτὸν ἥκιστα πολιτικόν, εἴρηται πρότερον· οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ὅπου βλάπτει καὶ διαφθείρει ζῆλον ἐμποιῶν πρὸς τὰ φαῦλα καὶ προαίρεσιν πονηρὰν ἐν πράγμασι μεγάλοις ἡμαρτημένος ἔπαινος, οὐκ ἄχρηστόν ἐστιν ἐκκροῦσαι μᾶλλον δʼ ἀποστρέψαι τὸν ἀκροατὴν ἐπὶ τὰ κρείττω, τὴν διαφορὰν ἐνδεικνύμενον.
That indeed it is least political to compare oneself against another's praise and reputation has been said before; nevertheless, where in great matters erring praise does harm and corrupts by instilling zeal for trivial things and a wicked purpose, it is not useless to drive out or rather to turn the hearer away toward better things, by demonstrating the difference.
ἀγαπήσειε γὰρ ἄν τις οἶμαι λοιδορουμένης κακίας καὶ ψεγομένης ἐθέλοντας ἀπέχεσθαι τοὺς πολλοὺς ὁρῶν· εἰ δὲ προσλάβοι δόξαν ἡ κακία, καὶ τῷ καθʼ ἡδονὰς αὐτῆς καὶ πλεονεξίας ἄγοντι προσγένοιτο τιμὴ καὶ τὸ εὐδοκιμεῖν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτως εὐτυχὴς οὐδʼ ἰσχυρὰ φύσις, ἧς οὐκ ἂν κρατήσειε.
For one would be content, I think, seeing the multitude willing to abstain when vice is abused and blamed; but if vice should acquire reputation, and honor and high esteem should be added to the one who leads it toward pleasures and greed, there is no nature so fortunate or strong that it would not be overcome.
διὸ δεῖ μὴ τοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπαίνοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς τῶν πραγμάτων, ἂν ᾖ φαῦλα, πολεμεῖν τὸν πολιτικόν· οὗτοι γὰρ διαστρέφουσι καὶ τούτοις τὸ μιμεῖσθαι τὰ αἰσχρὰ καὶ ζηλοῦν ὡς καλὰ συνεισέρχεται.
Therefore, the politician must fight not against the praises of men, but against those of things, if they are trivial; for these corrupt, and with them enters the imitation of shameful things and the desiring of them as beautiful.
μάλιστα δʼ ἐξελέγχονται τοῖς ἀληθινοῖς παρατιθεμένοις· οἷον ὁ τῶν τραγῳδιῶν ὑποκριτὴς Θεόδωρος εἰπεῖν ποτε πρὸς τὸν κωμικὸν λέγεται Σάτυρον, ὡς οὐ θαυμαστόν ἐστι, τὸ γελᾶν ποιεῖν τοὺς θεατὰς ἀλλὰ τὸ δακρύειν καὶ κλαίειν.
And they are most refuted when set beside true things; as the tragic actor Theodorus is said to have once told the comic actor Satyrus that it is not wonderful to make the spectators laugh, but to make them weep and cry.
ἄμεινον δʼ ἂν οἶμαι πρὸς τοῦτον αὐτὸν εἴποι φιλόσοφος ἀνήρ
ἀλλʼ οὐ τὸ ποιεῖν, ὦ βέλτιστε, κλαίειν καὶ δακρύειν, τὸ δὲ παύειν λυπουμένους καὶ κλαίοντας σεμνόν ἐστιν. ἐπαινῶν γὰρ ἑαυτὸν ὠφελεῖ τὸν ἀκούοντα καὶ μετατίθησι τὴν κρίσιν.
But a philosopher, I think, would say better to this very man: "But, my excellent friend, it is not making people weep and cry, but stopping those who are grieving and crying, that is noble." For by praising himself he benefits the hearer and shifts his judgment.
οὕτω καὶ ὁ Ζήνων πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Θεοφράστου μαθητῶν
ὁ κείνου χορός
ἔφη
μείζων, οὑμὸς δὲ συμφωνότερος. καὶ ὁ Φωκίων, ἔτι τοῦ Λεωσθένους εὐημεροῦντος, ὑπὸ τῶν ῥητόρων ἐρωτώμενος τί τὴν πόλιν αὐτὸς ἀγαθὸν πεποίηκεν,
οὐδέν
εἶπεν
ἀλλʼ ἢ ὑμᾶς, ἐμοῦ στρατηγοῦντος, ἐπιτάφιον λόγον μὴ εἰπεῖν ἀλλὰ πάντας ἐν τοῖς πατρῴοις μνήμασι θάπτεσθαι τοὺς ἀποθνῄσκοντας. πάνυ δὲ χαριέντως καὶ ὁ Κράτης πρὸς τὸ
"
ταῦτʼ ἔχω, ὅσσʼ ἔφαγον καὶ ἐφύβρισα ἠδὲ μετʼ ἔρωτος
τέρφθην· "
ἀντέγραψε τὸ
"
ταῦτʼ ἔχω, ὅσσʼ ἔμαθον καὶ ἐφρόντισα καὶ μετὰ Μουσῶν
σέμνʼ ἐδάην.
Thus also Zeno said to the multitude of Theophrastus' disciples: "His chorus is larger, but mine is more harmonious." And Phocion, while Leosthenes was still prospering, being asked by the orators what good he himself had done for the city, said: "Nothing, except that during my generalship, you did not deliver a funeral oration, but all those who died were buried in their ancestral tombs." And very gracefully Crates, in response to: "These I have, as much as I ate and wantoned and was pleased with love; "wrote in reply: "These I have, as much as I learned and thought and was taught of noble things with the Muses.
"
καλὸς γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος ἔπαινος καὶ ὠφέλιμος καὶ διδάσκων τὰ χρήσιμα καὶ τὰ συμφέροντα θαυμάζειν καὶ ἀγαπᾶν ἀντὶ τῶν κενῶν καὶ περιττῶν.
"For such praise is noble and beneficial, teaching us to admire and love what is useful and advantageous instead of what is empty and superfluous.
διὸ τοῦτο μὲν συγκατατετάχθω τοῖς εἰρημένοις εἰς τὸ πρόβλημα.
Therefore, let this be classed together with what has been said on the problem.
§18λείπεται ὁ ἡμῖν, τοῦ λόγου τὸ ἐφεξῆς ἀπαιτοῦντος καὶ παρακαλοῦντος, εἰπεῖν ὅπως ἂν ἕκαστος ἐκφύγοι τὸ ἐπαινεῖν ἀκαίρως ἑαυτόν.
It remains for us, since the discussion demands and calls for the sequence, to say how each person might escape praising himself unseasonably.
μέγα γὰρ ἡ περιαυτολογία τὴν φιλαυτίαν ὁρμητήριον ἔχουσα, καὶ τοῖς πάνυ δοκοῦσι μετρίως ἔχειν πρὸς δόξαν ἐμφύεται πολλάκις ἐπιτιθεμένη.
For self-praise, having self-love as its starting point, is a powerful thing, and often attacks and implants itself even in those who seem to be extremely moderate toward reputation.
καθάπερ γὰρ τῶν ὑγιεινῶν ἕν ἐστι παραγγελμάτων τὸ τὰ νοσώδη χωρία φυλάττεσθαι παντάπασιν ἢ προσέχειν μᾶλλον αὑτῷ γιγνόμενον ἐν αὐτοῖς, οὕτως ἔχει τινὰς ἡ περιαυτολογία καιροὺς; καὶ τόπους ὀλισθηροὺς καὶ περιφέροντας εἰς αὐτὴν ἐκ πάσης προφάσεως.
For just as one of the healthy precepts is to guard against diseased places altogether, or to pay more attention to oneself when in them, so self-praise has certain slippery times and places that carry one into it on every pretext.
πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἀλλοτρίοις ἐπαίνοις, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τὸ φιλότιμον ἐξανθεῖ τὴν περιαυτολογίαν καί τις αὐτὸ καταλαμβάνει δακνόμενον καὶ γαργαλιζόμενον οἷον ὑπὸ κνησμοῦ δυσκαρτέρητος ἐπιθυμία καὶ ὁρμὴ πρὸς δόξαν, ἄλλως τε κἂν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἴσοις ἕτερος ἢ τοῖς ἐλάττοσιν ἐπαινῆται.
For first, in the praises of others, as has been said, the love of honor makes self-praise bloom, and a hard-to-resist desire and impulse toward reputation catches a person, as if stung and tickled by an itch, especially if another is praised for equal or lesser things.
καθάπερ γὰρ οἱ πεινῶντες ἑτέρων ἐσθιόντων ἐν ὄψει μᾶλλον ἐρεθίζονται καὶ παροξύνονται τὴν ὄρεξιν οὕτως ὁ τῶν πλησίον ἔπαινος ἐκκάει τῇ ζηλοτυπίᾳ τοὺς πρὸς δόξαν ἀκρατῶς ἔχοντας.
For just as those who are hungry are more irritated and have their appetite sharpened in the sight of others eating, so the praise of neighbors inflames with jealousy those who are incontinent toward reputation.
§19δεύτερον αἱ τῶν εὐτυχῶς καὶ κατὰ νοῦν πεπραγμένων διηγήσεις λανθάνουσι πολλοὺς εἰς μεγαλαυχίαν ὑπὸ χαρᾶς ἐκφέρουσαι καὶ κόμπον· ἐμπεσόντες γὰρ εἰς τὸ λέγειν νίκας τινὰς ἑαυτῶν ἢ κατορθώσεις ἐν πολιτεύμασιν ἢ παρʼ ἡγεμόσι πράξεις καὶ λόγους εὐδοκιμήσαντας, οὐ κρατοῦσιν οὐδὲ μετριάζουσιν.
Secondly, narratives of things successfully and mindfully achieved escape the notice of many, carrying them away through joy into boasting and swagger; for falling into talking about some victories of their own, or successes in government, or deeds and words well-approved before rulers, they do not restrain themselves or keep within bounds.
ᾧ γένει μάλιστα τῆς περιαυτολογίας τὸ ναυτικὸν ἰδεῖν ἔστι καὶ στρατιωτικὸν ἁλισκόμενον, συμβαίνει δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἐκ πότων ἡγεμονικῶν καὶ πραγμάτων μεγάλων ἐπανήκουσι τοῦτο πάσχειν ἐπιεικῶς· μεμνημένοι γὰρ ἀνδρῶν ἐπιφανῶν καὶ βασιλικῶν συγκαταπλέκουσι περὶ αὑτῶν εὐφημίας τινὰς ὑπʼ ἐκείνων εἰρημένας, καὶ νομίζουσιν οὐχ αὑτοὺς ἐπαινεῖν ἀλλʼ ἑτέρων ἐπαίνους διηγεῖσθαι περὶ αὑτῶν γενομένους.
In which kind of self-praise the naval and military class is especially to be seen captured, and it happens that those returning from rulers' drinking-parties and great affairs suffer this as a general rule; for, remembering illustrious and royal men, they weave in with them some praises spoken of themselves by those men, and think they are not praising themselves but relating the praises of others made about them.
οἱ δʼ ὅλως οἴονται λανθάνειν τοὺς ἀκούοντας, ὅταν βασιλέων καὶ αὐτοκρατόρων δεξιώσεις καὶ προσαγορεύσεις καὶ φιλοφροσύνας ἀπαγγέλλωσιν, ὡς οὐχ αὑτῶν ἐπαίνους ἀποδείξεις δὲ τῆς ἐκείνων ἐπιεικείας καὶ φιλανθρωπίας διεξιόντες.
And others altogether think they escape the notice of the hearers when they report the welcomes, greetings, and kindnesses of kings and emperors, as if they were not detailing praises of themselves but proofs of those rulers' fairness and philanthropy.
ὅθεν εὖ μάλα δεῖ προσέχειν ἑαυτοῖς περὶ τοὺς ἑτέρων ἐπαίνους, ὅπως καθαροὶ καὶ ἀνύποπτοι φιλαυτίας καὶ περιαυτολογίας ὦσι, καὶ μὴ δοκῶμεν
Πάτροκλον πρόφασιν
σφᾶς δʼ αὐτοὺς διʼ ἐκείνων ἐπαινεῖν.
Wherefore, we must pay very careful attention to ourselves in the praises of others, so that they may be pure and unsuspected of self-love and self-praise, and we may not seem to praise ourselves through them, making Patroclus a pretext.