§2ΦΟΥΝΔ. καὶ μὴν ὧν γε μεμνήμεθα Μουσωνίου καλῶν ἕν ἐστιν, ὦ Σύλλα, τὸ δεῖν ἀεὶ θεραπευομένους βιοῦν τοὺς σῴζεσθαι μέλλοντας.
FUNDANUS. And indeed, Syllas, one of the noble sayings of Musonius that we remember is that those who are to be saved must live always undergoing treatment.
οὐ γὰρ ὡς ἐλλέβορον, οἶμαι, δεῖ θεραπεύσαντα συνεκφέρειν τῷ νοσήματι τὸν λόγον, ἀλλʼ ἐμμένοντα τῇ ψυχῇ συνέχειν τὰς κρίσεις καὶ φυλάσσειν.
For one must not, I think, carry out the reason together with the disease, after it has cured it, like hellebore, but, remaining in the soul, it must maintain and guard its judgments.
φαρμάκοις γὰρ οὐκ ἔοικεν ἀλλὰ σιτίοις ὑγιεινοῖς ἡ δύναμις αὐτοῦ, μεθʼ ὑγιείας ἕξιν ἐμποιοῦσα χρηστὴν οἷς ἂν γένηται συνήθης· αἱ δὲ πρὸς ἀκμάζοντα τὰ πάθη καὶ οἰδοῦντα παραινέσεις καὶ νουθεσίαι σχολῇ μὲν ἀνύτουσι καὶ μόλις, οὐδὲν δὲ τῶν ὀσφραντῶν διαφέρουσιν, ἃ τοὺς ἐπιληπτικοὺς ἐγείροντα καταπίπτοντας οὐκ ἀπαλλάττει τοῦ νοσήματος.
For its power is not like medicines but like wholesome food, producing a good habit of body along with health in those with whom it has become familiar; whereas exhortations and admonitions addressed to passions that are at their height and swelling, achieve their purpose slowly and with difficulty, and differ in no way from smelling-salts, which, though they rouse epileptics when they fall, do not rid them of the disease.
ὅμως δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα καὶ παρʼ ὃν ἀκμάζει καιρὸν ἁμωσγέπως ὑπείκει καὶ παρίησι βοηθοῦντα λόγον ἔξωθεν εἰς τὴν ψυχήν, ὁ δὲ θυμὸς οὐχ ᾗ φησιν ὁ Μελάνθιος
"τὰ δεινὰ πράσσει τὰς φρένας μετοικίσας,"
ἀλλʼ ἐξοικίσας τελείως καὶ ἀποκλείσας, ὥσπερ οἱ συνεμπιπράντες ἑαυτοὺς ταῖς οἰκίαις, πάντα ταραχῆς καὶ καπνοῦ καὶ ψόφου μεστὰ ποιεῖ τὰ ἐντός, ὥστε μήτʼ ἰδεῖν μήτʼ ἀκοῦσαι τῶν ὠφελούντων.
Nevertheless, while other passions, even at the time when they are at their height, do in some way yield and admit a helping word from without into the soul, anger—not as Melanthius says, 'does dreadful things having relocated the mind,' but having completely evicted and locked it out—like those who burn themselves up together with their houses, makes everything inside full of confusion, smoke, and noise, so that it can neither see nor hear anything that might help.
διὸ καὶ μᾶλλον ἐν χειμῶνι καὶ πελάγει ναῦς ἔρημος ἀναλήψεται κυβερνήτην ἔξωθεν ἢ προσδέξεται λόγον ἀλλότριον ἄνθρωπος ἐν θυμῷ καὶ ὀργῇ σαλεύων, ἂν μὴ παρεσκευασμένον ἔχῃ τὸν οἰκεῖον λογισμόν.
Therefore, a ship adrift in a storm on the open sea will more easily take on a helmsman from without than a man tossing in passion and anger will admit a foreign reason, unless he has his own reason prepared beforehand.
ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ οἱ πολιορκίαν προσδεχόμενοι συνάγουσι, καὶ παρατίθενται τἀπιτήδεια τὰς ἔξωθεν ἐλπίδας ἀπεγνωκότες, οὕτω μάλιστα δεῖ τὰ πρὸς τὸν θυμὸν βοηθήματα πόρρωθεν λαμβάνοντας ἐκ φιλοσοφίας κατακομίζειν εἰς τὴν ψυχήν, ὡς, ὅταν ὁ τῆς χρείας ἀφίκηται καιρός, μὴ ῥᾳδίως παρεισάγειν δυνησομένους· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀκούει τῶν ἐκτὸς ἡ ψυχὴ διὰ τὸν θόρυβον, ἐὰν μὴ καθάπερ κελευστὴν ἔνδοθεν ἔχῃ τὸν αὑτῆς λόγον ὀξέως δεχόμενον καὶ συνιέντα τῶν παραγγελλομένων ἕκαστον· ἀκούσασα δὲ τῶν μὲν ἠρέμα καὶ πράως λεγομένων καταφρονεῖ, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἐνισταμένους τραχύτερον ἐρεθίζεται.
But just as those who expect a siege collect and lay in provisions, having given up hope of help from without, so above all one must fetch from afar the remedies against anger from philosophy and store them up in the soul, since, when the time of need arrives, they will not be able easily to import them; for the soul does not hear what is outside because of the noise, unless it has its own reason within like a boatswain, quickly receiving and understanding each of the orders given; and even if it does hear, it despises those who speak gently and quietly, while it is irritated more harshly against those who oppose it.
καὶ γὰρ ὑπερήφανος καὶ αὐθάδης καὶ ὅλως ὑφʼ ἑτέρου ὁ θυμὸς δυσκίνητος ὢν, ὥσπερ ὀχυρὰ τυραννὶς ἐξ ἑαυτῆς ἔχειν ὀφείλει σύνοικον καὶ συγγενὲς τὸ καταλῦον.
For indeed, since anger is proud, self-willed, and altogether difficult to be moved by another, like a fortified tyranny, it must have within itself, cohabiting and akin, that which destroys it.
§3ΦΟΥΝΔ.ἡ μὲν οὖν συνέχεια τῆς ὀργῆς καὶ τὸ προσκρούειν πολλάκις ἕξιν ἐμποιεῖ πονηρὰν τῇ ψυχῇ, ἣν ὀργιλότητα καλοῦσιν, εἰς ἀκραχολίαν καὶ πικρίαν καὶ δυσκολίαν τελευτῶσαν, ὅταν ἑλκώδης καὶ μικρόλυπος ὁ θυμὸς γένηται καὶ φιλαίτιος ὑπὸ τῶν τυχόντων ὡς σίδηρος ἀσθενὴς καὶ λεπτὸς ἀναχαρασσόμενος· ἡ δὲ παραχρῆμα ταῖς ὀργαῖς ἐνισταμένη καὶ πιέζουσα κρίσις οὐ τὸ παρὸν ἰᾶται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὸ λοιπὸν εὔτονον ποιεῖ καὶ δυσπαθῆ τὴν ψυχήν.
FUNDANUS. Now, the continuity of anger and frequent stumbling produces a bad habit in the soul, which they call irascibility, ending in sudden anger, bitterness, and peevishness, when the temper becomes ulcerated, easily pained, and fault-finding over trifles, scratched by any chance thing like weak and thin iron; but the judgment which immediately opposes and suppresses the outbursts of anger not only cures the present fit, but also makes the soul robust and less susceptible for the future.
ἐμοὶ γοῦν συνέβη δὶς ἢ τρὶς ἐνστάντι πρὸς ὀργὴν τὸ τῶν Θηβαίων παθεῖν, οἳ τὸ πρῶτον ὠσάμενοι Λακεδαιμονίους ἀηττήτους εἶναι δοκοῦντας, οὐδεμίαν ὕστερον ἡττήθησαν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μάχην· φρόνημα γὰρ ἔσχον ὡς κρατεῖν ἔστι τῷ λογισμῷ.
At any rate, it happened to me, by opposing my anger two or three times, to experience what the Thebans did, who, having for the first time repulsed the Lacedaemonians who were thought to be invincible, were never afterwards defeated by them in any battle; for they gained the confidence that it is possible to conquer by reason.
ἑώρων δʼ οὐ μόνον ψυχροῦ κατασκεδαννυμένου λήγουσαν ὀργὴν ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης ἱστόρησεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ φόβου προσαχθέντος ἀποσβεννυμένην καὶ νὴ Δία χαρᾶς ἐπιγενομένης ἄφνω καθʼ Ὅμηρον
ἰάνθη
καὶ διεχύθη πολλοῖς ὁ θυμός.
And I saw that anger not only ceases when cold water is poured over it, as Aristotle recorded, but is also extinguished when fear is brought near, and indeed, by Zeus, when joy suddenly supervenes, according to Homer, 'the heart was warmed' and the anger of many was dissolved.
ὥστε μοι παρίστατο μὴ παντελῶς ἀβοήθητον εἶναι τοῖς γε βουλομένοις τὸ πάθος.
So that it occurred to me that this passion is not altogether without remedy, at least for those who wish.
οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀρχὰς ἔχει μεγάλας ἀεὶ καὶ ἰσχυράς, ἀλλὰ καὶ σκῶμμα καὶ παιδιὰ καὶ τὸ γελάσαι τινὰ καὶ τὸ διανεῦσαι καὶ πολλὰ τοιαῦτα πολλοὺς εἰς ὀργὴν καθίστησιν, ὥσπερ ἡ Ἑλένη τὴν ἀδελφιδῆν προσαγορεύσασα
"παρθένε μακρὸν δὴ μῆκος Ἠλέκτρα χρόνου"
παρώξυνεν εἰπεῖν
"ὀψέ γε φρονεῖς εὖ, τότε λιποῦσʼ αἰσχρῶς δόμους· "
καὶ τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον ὁ Καλλισθένης εἰπὼν, τῆς μεγάλης κύλικος περιφερομένης,
οὐ βούλομαι πιὼν Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἀσκληπιοῦ δεῖσθαι.
For it does not always have great and powerful origins, but even a jest, a joke, someone's laughing, a nod, and many such things bring many people into anger, just as Helen, addressing her niece, 'Electra, virgin for a long length of time indeed,' provoked her to say: 'Late indeed you are wise, who back then left your home shamefully'; and Callisthenes provoked Alexander by saying, when the great cup was being passed around: 'I do not wish, after drinking, to stand in need of Asclepius on account of Alexander.'