§8ὅρα δὴ μὴ μόνον φιλοσόφων συγγράμματα διεξιὼν καὶ λόγους ἀκούων εἰ μὴ πλέον τοῖς ὀνόμασι μόνοις προσέχεις ἢ τοῖς πράγμασι μηδὲ μᾶλλον ἐπιπηδᾷς τοῖς τὸ δύσκολον ἔχουσι καὶ περιττὸν ἢ τοῖς τὸ χρήσιμον καὶ σάρκινον καὶ ὠφέλιμον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ποιήμασιν ὁμιλῶν καὶ ἱστορίᾳ παραφύλαττε σεαυτὸν εἰ μηδέν σε διαφεύγει τῶν πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν ἤθους ἢ πάθους κουφισμὸν ἐμμελῶς λεγομένων.
See to it, then, as you read through the writings of philosophers and listen to their discourses, whether you are not paying attention to the mere words more than to the things, and whether you are not leaping more toward those parts that contain what is difficult and unusual than toward those that are useful, substantial, and beneficial; but also, when associating with poetry and history, watch yourself to see if nothing escapes you of those things said appropriately for the correction of character or the relief of passion.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἄνθεσιν ὁμιλεῖν ὁ Σιμωνίδης φησὶ τὴν μέλιτταν ξανθὸν μέλι μηδομέναν οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι χρόαν αὐτῶν καὶ ὀσμήν, ἕτερον δʼ οὐδὲν ἀγαπῶσιν οὐδὲ λαμβάνουσιν, οὕτως ὁ τῶν ἄλλων ἐν ποιήμασιν ἡδονῆς ἕνεκα καὶ παιδιᾶς ἀναστρεφομένων αὐτὸς εὑρίσκων τι καὶ συνάγων σπουδῆς ἄξιον ἔοικεν ἤδη γνωριστικὸς ὑπὸ συνηθείας καὶ φιλίας τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ οἰκείου γεγονέναι.
For just as Simonides says that the bee associates with flowers intending to make yellow honey, while others love their color and scent, and admire or take nothing else, so, while others occupy themselves in poetry for the sake of pleasure and play, he who himself finds and collects something worthy of serious concern seems to have already become discerning through habit and friendship for the beautiful and appropriate.
τοὺς μὲν γὰρ Πλάτωνι καὶ Ξενοφῶντι χρωμένους διὰ τὴν λέξιν, ἕτερον δὲ μηδὲν ἀλλʼ ἢ τὸ καθαρόν τε καὶ Ἀττικὸν ὥσπερ δρόσον καὶ χνοῦν ἀποδρεπομένους τί ἂν ἄλλο φαίης ἢ φαρμάκων τὸ μὲν εὐῶδες καὶ ἀνθηρὸν ἀγαπᾶν, τὸ δʼ ἀνώδυνον καὶ καθαρτικὸν μὴ προσίεσθαι μηδὲ διαγιγνώσκειν;
For those who use Plato and Xenophon for their diction, plucking nothing else but what is pure and Attic like dew and down, what else would you say they do than love the fragrant and flowery part of medicines, while not admitting or distinguishing the pain-relieving and purgative part?
ἀλλʼ οἵ γε μᾶλλον ἔτι προκόπτοντες οὐκ ἀπὸ λόγων μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ θεαμάτων καὶ πραγμάτων πάντων ὠφελεῖσθαι δύνανται καὶ συνάγειν τὸ οἰκεῖον καὶ χρήσιμον, οἷα καὶ περὶ Αἰσχύλου λέγουσι καὶ περὶ ἄλλων ὁμοίων, Αἰσχύλος μὲν γὰρ Ἰσθμοῖ θεώμενος ἀγῶνα πυκτῶν, ἐπεὶ πληγέντος τοῦ ἑτέρου τὸ θέατρον ἐξέκραγε, νύξας Ἴωνα τὸν Χῖον
ὁρᾷς
ἔφη
οἷον ἡ ἄσκησίς ἐστιν;
But those who are progressing still more are able to be benefited not only from words but also from sights and all events, and to gather what is appropriate and useful, such as they also say about Aeschylus and others like him. For Aeschylus, while watching a contest of boxers at the Isthmian games, when one of them was struck and the theater cried out, nudged Ion of Chios and said, “Do you see what training is?
ὁ πεπληγὼς σιωπᾷ, οἱ δὲ θεώμενοι βοῶσιν
Βρασίδας δὲ μῦν τινα συλλαβὼν ἐν ἰσχάσι καὶ δηχθεὶς ἀφῆκεν· εἶτα πρὸς ἑαυτὸν
ὦ Ἡράκλεις
ἔφη,
ὡς οὐδέν ἐστι μικρὸν οὐδʼ ἀσθενές, ὃ μὴ ζήσεται τολμῶν ἀμύνεσθαι
Διογένης δὲ τὸν πίνοντα ταῖς χερσὶ θεασάμενος τῆς πήρας ἐξέβαλε τὸ ποτήριον.
The one who was struck is silent, but the spectators cry out.” And Brasidas, having caught a mouse among some dried figs and being bitten, let it go; then he said to himself, “O Heracles, how there is nothing so small or weak that it will not live if it dares to defend itself!” And Diogenes, having beheld someone drinking with his hands, threw the cup out of his pouch.
οὕτω τὸ προσέχειν καὶ τετάσθαι τὴν ἄσκησιν αἰσθητικοὺς καὶ δεκτικοὺς ποιεῖ τῶν πρὸς ἀρετὴν φερόντων ἁπανταχόθεν.
Thus paying attention and keeping training taut makes people perceptive and receptive to things leading toward virtue from every quarter.
γίγνεται δὲ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἂν τοὺς λόγους ταῖς πράξεσι μιγνύωσι, μὴ μόνον, ὡς Θουκυδίδης ἔλεγε,
μετὰ κινδύνων ποιούμενοι τὰς μελέτας,
ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ἡδονὰς καὶ πρὸς ἔριδας καὶ περὶ κρίσεις καὶ συνηγορίας καὶ ἀρχάς, οἷον ἀπόδειξιν αὑτοῖς τῶν δογμάτων διδόντες, μᾶλλον δὲ τῷ χρῆσθαι ποιοῦντες τὰ δόγματα.
And this happens more if they mix discourses with actions, not only, as Thucydides said, “making their practices in the midst of dangers,” but also in relation to pleasures, disputes, and concerning trials, advocacies, and offices, giving as it were a proof of their doctrines to themselves, or rather making their doctrines solid by using them.
ὡς τοὺς γε μανθάνοντας ἔτι καὶ πραγματευομένους καὶ σκοποῦντας ὃ λαβόντες ἐκ φιλοσοφίας εὐθὺς εἰς ἀγορὰν ἢ νέων διατριβὴν ἢ βασιλικὸν συμπόσιον ἐκκυκλήσουσιν, οὐ μᾶλλον οἴεσθαι χρὴ φιλοσοφεῖν ἢ τοὺς τὰ φάρμακα πωλοῦντας ἰατρεύειν μᾶλλον δʼ ὅλως οὐδὲν ὁ τοιοῦτος σοφιστὴς διαφέρει τῆς Ὁμηρικῆς ὄρνιθος, ὅ τι ἂν λάβῃ τοῖς μαθηταῖς ὥσπερ
ἀπτῆσι νεοσσοῖς
προσφέρων διὰ τοῦ στόματος. "
κακῶς δὲ τὲ οἱ πέλει αὐτῷ
"
μηδὲν εἰς ὄνησιν οἰκείαν ἀναδιδόντι μηδὲ καταπέττοντι τῶν λαμβανομένων.
For as for those who are still learning, busy, and considering how, having taken something from philosophy, they will immediately exhibit it in the marketplace, or in a gathering of young men, or at a royal banquet, one must no more think that they are practicing philosophy than that those who sell medicines are practicing medicine. Rather, such a sophist differs in no way from the Homeric bird, carrying to his disciples whatever he receives, just like “unwinged nestlings,” through his mouth, “and it turns out badly for himself,” yielding nothing for his own benefit nor digesting any of the things received.
§9ὅθεν ἐπισκοπεῖν ἀναγκαῖον εἰ χρώμεθα τῷ λόγῳ πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς μὲν χρηστικῶς, πρὸς ἑτέρους δὲ μὴ δόξης εἰκαίας ἕνεκα μηδʼ ἐκ φιλοτιμίας, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἀκοῦσαί τι καὶ διδάξαι βουλόμενοι, μάλιστα δʼ εἰ τὸ φιλόνεικον καὶ δύσερι περὶ τὰς ζητήσεις ὑφεῖται καὶ πεπαύμεθα τοὺς λόγους ὥσπερ ἱμάντας ἢ σφαίρας ἐπιδούμενοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ τῷ πατάξαι καὶ καταβαλεῖν μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ μαθεῖν τι καὶ διδάξαι χαίροντες·
¦80b Hence it is necessary to examine whether we use discourse in a practical way toward ourselves, and toward others not for the sake of casual reputation nor out of ambition, but rather wishing to hear something and to teach; and especially if the contentious and quarrelsome spirit in investigations has been relaxed, and we have stopped binding discourses to one other like leather thongs or boxing-spheres, rejoicing in striking and knocking down rather than in learning and teaching.
ἡ γὰρ ἐν τούτοις ἐπιείκεια καὶ πραότης καὶ τὸ μὴ μετʼ ἀγῶνος συνίστασθαι μηδὲ διαλύεσθαι μετʼ ὀργῆς τὰς κοινολογίας μηδʼ οἷον ἐφυβρίζειν ἐλέγξαντας ἢ χαλεπαίνειν ἐλεγχθέντας ἱκανῶς προκόπτοντός ἐστιν.
For forbearance and gentleness in these matters, and the fact that discussions do not begin with contention nor dissolve with anger, and that we do not insult, as it were, when we have refuted, nor vex ourselves when refuted, is the mark of one who is progressing sufficiently.
ἐδήλωσε δʼ Ἀρίστιππος ἔν τινι λόγῳ κατασοφισθεὶς ὑπʼ ἀνθρώπου τόλμαν μὲν ἔχοντος, ἄλλως δʼ ἀνοήτου καὶ μανικοῦ.
And Aristippus demonstrated this when he was defeated in an argument by a man who possessed boldness, but was otherwise foolish and mad.
χαίροντα γὰρ ὁρῶν αὐτὸν καὶ τετυφωμένον
ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν
εἶπεν
ὁ ἐλεγχθεὶς ἄπειμι σοῦ τοῦ ἐλέγξαντος ἥδιον καθευδήσων
ἔστι· δὲ καὶ λέγοντας ἑαυτῶν λαμβάνειν διάπειραν εἰ μήτε πολλῶν παρὰ προσδοκίαν συνελθόντων ὑπὸ δειλίας ἀναδυόμεθα, μήτʼ ἐν ὀλίγοις ἀθυμοῦμεν ἀγωνιζόμενοι, μήτε πρὸς δῆμον ἢ πρὸς ἀρχὴν εἰπεῖν δεῆσαν ἐνδείᾳ τῆς περὶ τὴν λέξιν παρασκευῆς προϊέμεθα τὸν καιρόν, οἷα περὶ Δημοσθένους λέγουσι καὶ Ἀλκιβιάδου.
For seeing him rejoicing and puffed up, he said, “But I, the one who was refuted, go away to sleep more pleasantly than you, the one who refuted me.” And it is also possible to take a trial of ourselves when speaking, to see if we do not shrink back out of cowardice when many gather contrary to expectation, nor lose heart when contending among few, nor, when there is a need to speak to the people or to an office, let the opportunity pass through a lack of preparation in diction, such as they say about Demosthenes and Alcibiades.
καὶ γὰρ οὗτος νοῆσαι μὲν πράγματα δεινότατος ὢν περὶ δὲ τὴν λέξιν ἀθαρσέστερος ἑαυτὸν διέκρουεν.
For the latter, though he was most skilled in conceiving matters, yet being rather timid in regard to diction, used to interrupt himself in the midst of matters, and often in the very middle of speaking, seeking and chasing a word or phrase that escaped him, he would break off.
ἐν τοῖς πράγμασι, καὶ πολλάκις ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ λέγειν ζητῶν καὶ διώκων ὄνομα καὶ ῥῆμα διαφεῦγον ἐξέπιπτεν Ὅμηρος δὲ τὸν πρῶτον οὐ διηνέχθη τῶν στίχων ἐξενεγκὼν ἄμετρον τοσοῦτο περιῆν αὐτῷ φρονήματος εἰς τὰ λοιπὰ διὰ τὴν δύναμιν.
But Homer did not trouble himself when he produced the first of his verses out of meter, so much pride remained to him for the rest because of his power.
οὐκοῦν μᾶλλον εἰκός ἐστιν, οἷς πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ τὸ καλὸν ἡ ἅμιλλα, τῷ καιρῷ καὶ τοῖς πράγμασι χρῆσθαι τῶν ἐπὶ ταῖς λέξεσι θορύβων καὶ κρότων ἐλάχιστα φροντίζοντας,
Therefore, it is more fitting for those whose rivalry is toward virtue and the beautiful to use the opportunity and the things, caring least for the noises and applauses over diction.