§2ἀλλʼ ὀρθῶς μὲν εἴρηται τὸ
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πρὸς στάθμῃ
πέτρον τίθεσθαι, μή τι πρὸς πέτρῳ στάθμην
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οἱ δὲ μὴ τιθέμενοι τὰ δόγματα πρὸς τοῖς πράγμασιν ἀλλὰ τὰ πράγματα πρὸς τὰς ἑαυτῶν ὑποθέσεις ὁμολογεῖν μὴ πεφυκότα καταβιαζόμενοι πολλῶν ἀποριῶν ἐμπεπλήκασι τὴν φιλοσοφίαν, μεγίστης δὲ τῆς εἰς μίαν ὁμοῦ κακίαν πάντας ἀνθρώπους πλὴν ἑνὸς τοῦ τελείου τιθεμένης, ὑφʼ ἧς αἴνιγμα γέγονεν ἡ λεγομένη προκοπή, μικρὸν ἀπολείπουσα ἀφροσύνης ἐσχάτης, τοὺς δὲ μὴ πάντων ἅμα παθῶν καὶ νοσημάτων ἀφειμένους ὑπʼ αὐτῆς ἔτι τοῖς μηδενὸς ἀπηλλαγμένοις τῶν κακίστων ὁμοίως παρέχουσα κακοδαιμονοῦντας.
But it has been rightly said that "one should lay the stone by the measuring line, not the measuring line by the stone." Yet those who do not apply their doctrines to facts, but force facts to fit their own hypotheses, forcing things that are not born to agree to do so, have filled philosophy with many difficulties, and the greatest is that which places all human beings, except for one, the perfect man, in one and the same vice. Under this doctrine, what is called progress has become an enigma, falling little short of extreme folly, and presenting those who have not yet been released from all passions and diseases at once, as being still equally unhappy with those who have been freed from none of the worst vices.
οὗτοι μὲν οὖν ἑαυτοὺς ἐλέγχουσιν, ἐν μὲν ταῖς σχολαῖς ἴσην ἀδικίαν τὴν Ἀριστείδου τῇ Φαλάριδος τιθέμενοι, καὶ δειλίαν τὴν Βρασίδου τῇ Δόλωνος, καὶ νὴ Δία τῆς Μελήτου μηδʼ ὁτιοῦν τὴν Πλάτωνος ἀγνωμοσύνην διαφέρουσαν, ἐν δὲ τῷ βίῳ καὶ τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐκείνους μὲν ἐκτρεπόμενοι καὶ φεύγοντες ὡς ἀμειλίκτους, τούτοις δʼ ὡς ἀξίοις πολλοῦ τὰ μέγιστα καὶ χρώμενοι καὶ πιστεύοντες.
These men, therefore, refute themselves; for in their lectures they set the injustice of Aristides on a par with that of Phalaris, and the cowardice of Brasidas with that of Dolon, and, by Zeus, the ignorance of Plato as not differing in the least from that of Meletus, yet in life and actions they avoid and flee from the former as implacable, but employ and trust the latter as worthy of great value in the most important matters.
§3ἡμεῖς δὲ παντὶ γένει κακοῦ, μάλιστα δὲ τῷ περὶ ψυχὴν ἀτάκτῳ καὶ ἀορίστῳ τὸ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον προσγιγνόμενον ὁρῶντες καὶ διαφέρουσιν αἱ προκοπαί, καθάπερ σκιᾶς ἀνέσει τῆς μοχθηρίας τοῦ λόγου διαφωτίζοντος ἀτρέμα τὴν ψυχὴν καὶ διακαθαίροντος οὐκ ἄλογον οἰόμεθα τὴν συναίσθησιν εἶναι τῆς μεταβολῆς ὥσπερ ἐκ βυθοῦ τινὸς ἀναφερομένοις, ἀλλʼ ἔχουσαν ἐπιλογισμούς.
But we, seeing that "the more" and "the less" occur in every kind of evil, and especially in the disorderly and indefinite element concerning the soul, and that advancements differ—as if, through the relaxation of badness like that of a shadow, the reason quietly illuminates and cleanses the soul—do not think that the consciousness of the change, as though rising from some depth, is irrational, but that it has rational grounds.
ὧν σκόπει τὸν πρῶτον εὐθύς.
Of these, consider the first one immediately.
εἰ καθάπερ οἱ πρὸς ἀχανὲς θέοντες ἱστίοις πέλαγος ἅμα τῷ χρόνῳ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ πνεύματος ῥώμην ἀναμετροῦνται τὸν δρόμον, ὅσον εἰκὸς ἐν τοσούτῳ γεγονέναι ὑπὸ τοσαύτης κομιζομένοις δυνάμεως, οὕτως ἄν τις ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ τὸ ἐνδελεχὲς καὶ τὸ συνεχὲς τῆς πορείας καὶ μὴ πολλὰς διὰ μέσου ποιούμενον ἐπιστάσεις, εἶτʼ αὖθις ὁρμὰς καὶ ἐπιπηδήσεις, ἀλλὰ λείως καὶ ὁμαλῶς τοῦ πρόσθεν ἐπιλαμβανόμενον ἀεὶ καὶ διϊὸν ἀπταίστως διὰ τοῦ λόγου τεκμήριον ἑαυτῷ ποιήσαιτο προκοπῆς.
Just as those who sail with sails on a vast sea measure their course with time in relation to the force of the wind, estimating how far they are likely to have gone in such a time when carried by such a power, could not someone in philosophy make the continuous and uninterrupted nature of his journey—not making many halts in between, nor again starts and leaps, but smoothly and evenly always taking hold of what is ahead and passing through by means of reason without stumbling—a proof to himself of progress?
τὸ γάρ
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εἰ καὶ σμικρὸν ἐπὶ σμικρῷ καταθεῖο
καὶ θαμὰ τοῦτʼ ἔρδοις
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οὐ πρὸς ἀργυρίου μόνον αὔξησιν εἴρηται καλῶς, ἀλλʼ εἰς ἅπαντα ποιεῖ, μάλιστα δʼ εἰς ἀρετῆς ἐπίδοσιν, πολὺ καὶ τελεσιουργὸν ἔθος τοῦ λόγου προσλαμβάνοντος·
For the saying, "If you should add even a little to a little, and should do this often," is well said not only for the increase of money, but it works for everything, and especially for the advancement of virtue, since reason adds a habit that is great and brings things to completion.
αἱ δʼ ἀνωμαλίαι καὶ ἀμβλύτητες τῶν φιλοσοφούντων οὐ μόνας ποιοῦσιν ἐποχὰς ὥσπερ ἐν ὁδῷ τῆς προκοπῆς, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀναλύσεις, ἀεὶ τῷ παρείκοντι κατὰ σχολὴν τῆς κακίας ἐπιτιθεμένης καὶ πρὸς τοὐναντίον ἀνθυποφερούσης.
But the inequalities and dullnesses of those who study philosophy produce not only pauses, as it were on the road of progress, but also retrogressions, since vice always attacks at any opportunity at its leisure and drags them back in the opposite direction.
Τοὺς μὲν γὰρ πλάνητας οἱ μαθηματικοὶ στηρίζειν λέγουσι παυσαμένης τῆς εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν πορείας, ἐν δὲ τῷ φιλοσοφεῖν οὐκ ἔστι ληγούσης διάλειμμα προκοπῆς οὐδὲ στηριγμός, ἀλλʼ ἀεί τινας ἔχουσα κινήσεις ἡ φύσις ὥσπερ ἐπὶ ζυγοῦ ῥέπειν ἐθέλει καὶ κατατείνεσθαι ταῖς βελτίοσιν, ἢ ταῖς ἐναντίαις πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον οἴχεται φερομένη.
For the astronomers say that the planets are "stationary" when their forward course has ceased, but in philosophizing there is no interval of ceasing progress, nor any stationarity, but our nature, always having some movements, wants to incline like a scale and be pulled down by the better ones, or otherwise it goes off carried toward the worse.
ἂν οὖν κατὰ τὸν δοθέντα χρησμὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ
Κιρραίοις πάντʼ ἤματα καὶ πάσας νύκτας πολεμεῖν
οὕτω συνίδῃς σεαυτὸν ἡμέρας τε καὶ νύκτωρ ἀεὶ τῇ κακίᾳ διαμεμαχημένον, ἢ μὴ πολλάκις γε τὴν φρουρὰν ἀνεικότα μηδὲ συνεχῶς παρʼ αὐτῆς οἱονεὶ κήρυκας ἡδονάς τινας ἢ ῥᾳστώνας ἢ ἀσχολίας ἐπὶ σπονδαῖς προσδεδεγμένον, εἰκότως ἂν εὐθαρσὴς καὶ πρόθυμος βαδίζοις ἐπὶ τὸ λειπόμενον.
If, therefore, in accordance with the oracle given by the god, "To fight against the Cirrhaeans all days and all nights," you see yourself always fighting against vice day and night, or at least not often relaxing your guard, nor continuously receiving from it, as if they were heralds for a treaty, certain pleasures or eases or business, you would naturally walk with good courage and eagerness toward what remains.