§3διὸ δὴ μεγάλην μὲν ὠφέλειαν οὐκ ἐλάττω δὲ κίνδυνον τοῖς νέοις τοῦ ἀκούειν ἔχοντος, οἶμαι καλῶς ἔχειν καὶ πρὸς αὑτὸν ἀεὶ καὶ πρὸς ἕτερον διαλέγεσθαι περὶ τοῦ ἀκούειν.
Therefore indeed, since listening yields great benefit but no less danger to the young, I think it is well to discourse both with oneself always and with another concerning listening.
ἐπεὶ καὶ τούτῳ κακῶς τοὺς πλείστους χρωμένους ὁρῶμεν;
Indeed, do we not see most people using this badly?
οἳ λέγειν ἀσκοῦσι πρὶν ἀκούειν ἐθισθῆναι· καὶ λόγων μὲν οἴονται μάθησιν εἶναι καὶ μελέτην, ἀκροάσει δὲ καὶ τοὺς ὁπωσοῦν χρωμένους ὠφελεῖσθαι.
They practice speaking before they have been accustomed to listen; and they think that while there is learning and practice of speeches, yet in the case of listening, anyone who engages with it in any way whatsoever benefits.
καίτοι τοῖς μὲν σφαιρίζουσιν ἅμα τοῦ βαλεῖν καὶ τοῦ λαβεῖν τὴν σφαῖραν ἡ μάθησις· ἐν δὲ τῇ τοῦ λόγου χρείᾳ τὸ δέξασθαι καλῶς τοῦ προέσθαι πρότερόν ἐστιν, ὥσπερ τοῦ τεκεῖν τὸ συλλαβεῖν καὶ κατασχεῖν τι τῶν γονίμων.
And yet, for those who play ball, the learning of throwing and of catching the ball is simultaneous; but in the use of speech, receiving well is prior to sending forth, just as conceiving and retaining something of the generative seed is prior to giving birth.
ταῖς μὲν οὖν ὄρνισι τὰς ὑπηνεμίους λοχείας καὶ ὠδῖνας ἀτελῶν τινων καὶ ἀψύχων ὑπολειμμάτων ἀρχὰς λέγουσιν εἶναι· τῶν δʼ ἀκούειν μὴ δυναμένων νέων μηδʼ ὠφελεῖσθαι διʼ ἀκοῆς ἐθισθέντων ὑπηνέμιος ὄντως ὁ λόγος ἐκπίπτων
"
ἀκλειὴς ἀίδηλος ὑπαὶ νεφέεσσι κεδάσθη
"
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἀγγεῖα πρὸς τὴν ὑποδοχὴν τῶν ἐγχεομένων ἐπικλίνουσι καὶ συνεπιστρέφουσιν, ἵνʼ ἔγχυσις ἀληθῶς, μὴ ἔκχυσις γένηται, αὑτοὺς δὲ τῷ λέγοντι παρέχειν καὶ, συναρμόττειν τῇ προσοχῇ τὴν ἀκρόασιν, ὡς μηδὲν ἐκφύγῃ τῶν χρησίμως λεγομένων, οὐ μανθάνουσιν, ἀλλʼ ὃ πάντων καταγελαστότατόν ἐστιν, ἂν μέν τινι προστύχωσι διηγουμένῳ δεῖπνον ἢ πομπὴν ἢ ὄνειρον ἢ λοιδορίαν γεγενημένην αὐτῷ πρὸς ἄλλον, ἀκροῶνται σιωπῇ καὶ προσλιπαροῦσιν ἂν δέ τις αὐτοὺς ἐπισπασάμενος διδάσκῃ τι τῶν χρησίμων ἢ παραινῇ τῶν δεόντων ἢ νουθετῇ πλημμελοῦντας ἢ καταπραΰνῃ χαλεπαίνοντας, οὐχ ὑπομένουσιν, ἀλλʼ ἂν μὲν δύνωνται, περιγενέσθαι φιλοτιμούμενοι διαμάχονται πρὸς τὸν λόγον· εἰ δὲ μή, φεύγοντες ἀπίασι πρὸς ἑτέρους λόγους καὶ φλυάρους, ὡς ἀγγεῖα φαῦλα καὶ σαθρὰ τὰ ὦτα πάντων μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐμπιπλάντες.
Indeed, for birds, they say that wind-conceptions and labor pains are the beginnings of certain imperfect and lifeless remnants; but for the young who are unable to listen and are not accustomed to benefit through hearing, their speech is truly windy as it falls away, "inglorious and vanished, it is scattered beneath the clouds." For on the one hand, people tilt and turn vessels for the reception of what is being poured in, so that there may truly be a pouring in, not a spilling; but on the other hand, they do not learn to present themselves to the speaker and to fit their hearing to attention, so that nothing of the usefully said escapes. But what is most ridiculous of all, if they happen upon someone narrating a dinner, or a procession, or a dream, or an altercation that occurred between him and another, they listen in silence and persist; but if someone draws them to himself and teaches something useful, or advises what is necessary, or admonishes them when they err, or calms them when they are angry, they do not endure it. Instead, if they are able, being ambitious to get the upper hand, they fight against the discourse; and if not, they run away and depart to other discourses and trivialities, filling their ears, like worthless and leaky vessels, with anything rather than necessary things.
τοὺς μὲν οὖν ἵππους οἱ καλῶς τρέφοντες εὐστόμους τῷ χαλινῷ, τοὺς δὲ παῖδας εὐηκόους τῷ λόγῳ παρέχουσι, πολλὰ μὲν ἀκούειν μὴ πολλὰ δὲ λέγειν διδασκομένους.
Therefore, those who breed horses well make them obedient to the bit, and those who train children make them quick to hear reason, teaching them to hear much, but not to speak much.
καὶ γὰρ τὸν Ἐπαμεινώνδαν ὁ Σπίνθαρος ἐπαινῶν ἔφη μήτε πλείονα γιγνώσκοντι μήτʼ ἐλάττονα φθεγγομένῳ ῥᾳδίως ἐντυχεῖν ἑτέρῳ.
For indeed, Spintharus, praising Epaminondas, said that one could not easily meet another who knew more or spoke less.
καὶ τὴν φύσιν ἡμῶν ἑκάστῳ λέγουσι δύο μὲν ὦτα δοῦναι, μίαν δὲ γλῶτταν, ὡς ἐλάττονα λέγειν ἢ ἀκούειν ὀφείλοντι.
And they say that nature gave to each of us two ears, but one tongue, as being obliged to speak less than to listen.
§4πανταχοῦ μὲν οὖν τῷ νέῳ κόσμος ἀσφαλής ἐστιν ἡ σιωπή, μάλιστα δʼ ὅταν ἀκούων ἑτέρου μὴ συνταράττηται μηδʼ ἐξυλακτῇ πρὸς ἕκαστον, ἀλλὰ κἂν ὁ λόγος ᾖ μὴ λίαν ἀρεστός, ἀνέχηται καὶ περιμένῃ παύσασθαι τὸν διαλεγόμενον, καὶ παυσαμένου μὴ εὐθέως ἐπιβάλλῃ τὴν ἀντίρρησιν, ἀλλʼ ὡς Αἰσχίνης φησί, διαλείπῃ χρόνον, εἴτε προσθεῖναί τι βούλοιτο τοῖς λελεγμένοις ὁ εἰρηκώς, εἴτε μεταθέσθαι καὶ ἀφελεῖν.
Everywhere indeed, then, silence is a safe ornament for the young, but especially when, listening to another, they are not thrown into confusion nor bark out against each point, but even if the speech is not very pleasing, they tolerate it and wait for the speaker to stop; and when he has stopped, they do not immediately throw in their objection, but, as Aeschines says, let an interval of time pass, whether the speaker wishes to add something to what has been said, or to alter and retract it.
οἱ δʼ εὐθὺς ἀντικόπτοντες, οὔτʼ ἀκούοντες οὔτʼ ἀκουόμενοι λέγοντες δὲ πρὸς λέγοντας, ἀσχημονοῦσιν· ὁ δʼ ἐγκρατῶς καὶ μετʼ αἰδοῦς ἀκούειν ἐθισθεὶς τὸν μὲν ὠφέλιμον λόγον ἐδέξατο καὶ κατέσχε, τὸν δʼ ἄχρηστον ἢ ψευδῆ μᾶλλον διεῖδε καὶ κατεφώρασε, φιλαλήθης φανείς, οὐ φιλόνεικος οὐδὲ προπετὴς καὶ δύσερις.
But those who immediately interrupt, neither hearing nor being heard, but speaking against those who are speaking, behave disgracefully; whereas he who has been accustomed to listen with self-control and respect receives and retains useful speech, and more clearly discerns and detects useless or false speech, showing himself a lover of truth, not contentious, nor rash and quarrelsome.
ὅθεν οὐ κακῶς ἔνιοι λέγουσιν ὅτι δεῖ τῶν νέων μᾶλλον ἐκπνευματοῦν τὸ οἴημα καὶ τὸν τῦφον ἢ τῶν ἀσκῶν τὸν ἀέρα τοὺς ἐγχέαι τι βουλομένους χρήσιμον εἰ δὲ μή, γέμοντες ὄγκου καὶ φυσήματος οὐ προσδέχονται.
Hence some say, not badly, that those wishing to pour something useful into the young must deflate their self-opinion and vanity even more than the air of wineskins; otherwise, being full of swelling and wind, they do not receive it.