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Plutarch · Life of Sertorius §3.1-3.5

Bravery in Gaul and Suppression of the Iberian Revolt

Passage 3 of 27 · Greek

Summary

Sertorius distinguished himself in Gaul by swimming across the Rhone after a defeat and successfully infiltrating enemy lines for reconnaissance. Later, during winter quarters in Iberia, he suppressed a local rebellion through a cunning stratagem of disguising his troops in the enemy's armor.

§3.1πρῶτον μὲν οὖν Κίμβρων καὶ Τευτόνων ἐμβεβληκότων εἰς Γαλατίαν στρατευόμενος ὑπὸ Καιπίωνι, κακῶς ἀγωνισαμένων τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τροπῆς γενομένης ἀποβεβληκὼς τὸν ἵππον καὶ κατατετρωμένος τὸ σῶμα τὸν Ῥοδανὸν διεπέρασεν, αὐτῷ τε τῷ θώρακι καὶ θυρεῷ πρὸς ἐναντίον ῥεῦμα πολὺ νηχόμενος· οὕτω τὸ σῶμα ῥωμαλέον ἦν αὐτῷ καὶ διάπονον τῇ ἀσκήσει. §3.2δεύτερον δὲ τῶν αὑτῶν ἐπερχομένων μυριάσι πολλαῖς καὶ δειναῖς ἀπειλαῖς, ὥστε καὶ τὸ μένειν ἄνδρα Ῥωμαῖον ἐν τάξει τότε καὶ τ πείθεσθαι τῷ στρατηγῷ μέγα ἔργον εἶναι, Μάριος μὲν ἡγεῖτο, Σερτώριος δὲ κατασκοπὴν ὑπέστη τῶν πολεμίων, ἐσθῆτι δὲ Κελτικῇ σκευασάμενος καὶ τὰ κοινότατα τῆς διαλέκτου πρὸς ἔντευξιν ἐπὶ καιροῦ παραλαβών, ἀναμίγνυται τοῖς βαρβάροις· καὶ τὰ μὲν ἰδών, τὰ δʼ ἀκοῇ πυθόμενος τῶν ἐπειγόντων ἐπανῆλθε πρὸς Μάριον. §3.3τότε μὲν οὖν ἀριστείων ἔτυχεν·
First, then, when the Cimbri and Teutones had invaded Gaul, while serving under Caepio, after the Romans had fought badly and a rout had occurred, though he had lost his horse and was wounded in his body, he crossed the Rhone, swimming against a swift current with his breastplate and shield themselves; so robust was his body and hardened by exercise.\n Secondly, when the same enemies were advancing with many tens of thousands and terrible threats, so that even for a Roman soldier to remain in his rank at that time and to obey his general was a great feat, while Marius was in command, Sertorius undertook a reconnaissance of the enemy; having disguised himself in Celtic clothing and acquired the most common expressions of their dialect for conversation on occasion, he mingled with the barbarians; and having seen some things and learned others by hearsay of their urgent plans, he returned to Marius.\n At that time, therefore, he obtained the prize of valor; and in the rest of the campaign, having displayed many deeds of both intelligence and daring, he was promoted by his general to a position of reputation and trust.
ἐν δὲ τῇ λοιπῇ στρατείᾳ πολλὰ καὶ συνέσεως ἔργα καὶ τόλμης ἀποδειξάμενος εἰς ὄνομα καὶ πίστιν ὑπὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ προήχθη, Μετὰ δὲ τὸν Κίμβρων καὶ Τευτόνων πόλεμον ἐκπεμφθεὶς ὑπὸ Δειδίῳ στρατηγῷ χιλίαρχος ἐπὶ Ἰβηρίας ἐν τῇ πόλει Κάστλωνι παρεχείμαζε τῆς Κελτιβήρων. §3.4ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἐν ἀφθόνοις ὑβριζόντων καὶ τὰ πολλὰ μεθυόντων καταφρονήσαντες οἱ βάρβαροι μετεπέμψαντο νυκτὸς ἐπικουρίαν παρὰ τῶν ἀστυγειτόνων Ὠριτανῶν καὶ κατʼ οἰκίας ἐπιόντες ἔκτεινον αὐτούς, ὑπεκδὺς ὁ Σερτώριος μετʼ ὀλίγων καὶ τοὺς ἐκπίπτοντας συναγαγών κύκλῳ τὴν πόλιν περιῆλθε· καὶ καθʼ ἃς οἱ βάρβαροι πύλας ἔλαθον παρεισπεσόντες ἀνεῳγμένας εὑρών, οὐ ταὐτὸν ἐκείνοις ἔπαθεν, ἀλλὰ φρουρὰς ἐπιστήσας καὶ καταλαβὼν πανταχόθεν τὴν πόλιν ἔκτεινε τοὺς ἐν ἡλικίᾳ πάντας.
After the war against the Cimbri and Teutones, having been sent out as a military tribune under Didius the general to Iberia, he wintered in Castulo, a city of the Celtiberians.\n But when the barbarians, holding the soldiers in contempt because they behaved insolently amidst abundance and were mostly drunk, sent for assistance by night from their neighbors, the Oretani, and attacking house by house began to kill them, Sertorius, having slipped out with a few men and gathered those who were escaping, went around the city; and having found open the gates through which the barbarians had slipped in unnoticed, he did not suffer the same fate as those men, but having stationed guards and secured the city on all sides, he killed all who were of military age.\n When they were destroyed, he ordered all the soldiers to lay aside their own arms and clothing, and, having equipped themselves with those of the barbarians, to follow him toward that city from which those who attacked them by night had been sent.
§3.5ὡς δὲ ἀνῃρέθησαν, ἐκέλευσε τοὺς στρατιώτας πάντας τὰ μὲν αὑτῶν ὅπλα καὶ τὴν ἐσθῆτα καταθέσθαι, τοῖς δὲ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐνσκευασαμένους ἕπεσθαι πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἐκείνην ἐξ ἧς ἀπεστάλησαν οἱ νύκτωρ ἐπιπεσόντες αὐτοῖς. ψευσάμενος δὲ τῇ τῶν ὅπλων ὄψει τοὺς βαρβάρους τάς τε πύλας ἀνεῳγμένας εὗρε καὶ πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων ἔλαβεν οἰομένων ἀπαντᾶν εὖ πεπραχόσι φίλοις καὶ πολίταις.
And having deceived the barbarians by the appearance of their armor, he found the gates open and captured a multitude of people who thought they were meeting friends and fellow-citizens who had fared well.
διὸ πλεῖστοι μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐσφάττοντο περὶ τὰς πύλας, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ παραδόντες ἑαυτοὺς ἐπράθησαν.
Therefore, most of them were slaughtered by the Romans near the gates, while the rest surrendered themselves and were sold.

Notes

  1. §3.1αὐτῷ τε τῷ θώρακι καὶ θυρεῷ — Idiomatic dative construction where the dative of αὐτός combined with a noun in the dative denotes accompaniment ("together with," "with... and all"). Here, it means "with his breastplate and shield themselves" (i.e., without shedding his heavy equipment).
  2. §3.2ὥστε καὶ τὸ μένειν ἄνδρα Ῥωμαῖον ἐν τάξει — A result clause introduced by the conjunction ὥστε with the infinitive. The accusative ἄνδρα Ῥωμαῖον serves as the subject of the articular infinitives τὸ μένειν and τὸ πείθεσθαι.
  3. §3.4καθʼ ἃς οἱ βάρβαροι πύλας ἔλαθον παρεισπεσόντες — A construction where the antecedent πύλας is attracted into the relative clause (incorporation of the antecedent). Additionally, the verb λανθάνω (ἔλαθον) combined with the participle παρεισπεσόντες forms an idiomatic expression meaning "to do something unnoticed." The whole phrase translates to "the gates through which the barbarians had slipped in unnoticed."
  4. §3.5ψευσάμενος δὲ τῇ τῶν ὅπλων ὄψει τοὺς βαρβάρους — The middle participle ψευσάμενος of the verb ψεύδω takes a transitive meaning ("to deceive"), governing the accusative object τοὺς βαρβάρους and accompanied by the dative of means τῇ ... ὄψει. It means "having deceived the barbarians by the appearance of their armor."

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Sertorius §3.1-3.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg042.humanitext-grc2:3.1-3.5

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