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Plutarch · Comparison of Lysander and Sulla §1.1-1.4

Rise to Power and Political Circumstances

Passage 1 of 5 · Greek

Summary

Comparing the lives of Lysander and Sulla, the author highlights their common rise to greatness from humble origins, but contrasts Lysander's lawful and consensus-based power in a well-governed Sparta with Sulla's violent and continuous tyranny amid Rome's civil decay.

§1.1ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν τούτου διεληλύθαμεν βίον, ἴωμεν ἤδη πρὸς τὴν σύγκρισιν.
Now that we have also traversed the life of this man, let us proceed at once to the comparison.
τὸ μὲν οὖν ἀφʼ ἑαυτῶν αὐξήσεως ἀρχὴν λαβοῦσι μεγάλοις γενέσθαι κοινὸν ἀμφοτέροις ὑπῆρξεν, ἴδιον δὲ Λυσάνδρου τὸ βουλομένων τῶν πολιτῶν καὶ ὑγιαινόντων ὅσας ἔσχεν ἀρχὰς λαβεῖν, βιάσασθαι δὲ μηδὲν ἀκόντων μηδʼ ἰσχῦσαι παρὰ τοὺς νόμους.
To have become great, then, from their own resources, taking their starting point of growth, was common to both; but it was peculiar to Lysander that he obtained all the offices he held with the willing and healthy consent of the citizens, and that he used no violence against those who were unwilling, nor did he hold power contrary to the laws.
§1.2"ἐν δὲ διχοστασίῃ καὶ ὁ πάγκακος ἔλλαχε τιμῆς," ὥσπερ ἐν Ῥώμῃ τότε διεφθαρμένου τοῦ δήμου καὶ νοσοῦντος αὐτοῖς τοῦ πολιτεύματος ἄλλος ἀλλαχόθεν ἀνίστατο δυνάστης.
"But in a time of discord even the base man wins honor," just as at Rome in those days, when the people were corrupted and their constitution was diseased, different dynasts arose from different quarters.
καὶ οὐδὲν ἦν θαυμαστὸν εἰ Σύλλας ἦρχεν, ὅτε Γλαυκίαι καὶ Σατορνῖνοι Μετέλλους ἤλαυνον ἐκ τῆς πόλεως, ὑπάτων δὲ ἀπεσφάττοντο παῖδες ἐν ἐκκλησίαις, ἀργυρίῳ δὲ καὶ χρυσίῳ τὰ ὅπλα παρελάμβανον ὠνούμενοι τοὺς στρατευομένους, πυρὶ δὲ καὶ σιδήρῳ τοὺς νόμους ἐτίθεσαν βιαζόμενοι τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας.
And it was no wonder that Sulla ruled, when men like Glaucias and Saturninus were driving men like Metellus out of the city, and the sons of consuls were being slaughtered in the assemblies, and they were gaining control of arms by buying soldiers with gold and silver, and were imposing laws by fire and sword, using force against those who opposed them.
§1.3οὐκ αἰτιῶμαι δὲ τὸν ἐν τοιούτοις πράγμασι μέγιστον ἰσχῦσαι διαπραξάμενον, ἀλλὰ σημεῖον οὐ τίθεμαι τοῦ βέλτιστον εἶναι τὸ γενέσθαι πρῶτον οὕτω πονηρὰ πραττούσης τῆς πόλεως, ὁ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Σπάρτης εὐνομουμένης τότε μάλιστα καὶ σωφρονούσης ἐπὶ τὰς μεγίστας ἐκπεμπόμενος ἡγεμονίας καὶ πράξεις σχεδὸν ἀρίστων ἄριστος ἐκρίνετο καὶ πρώτων πρῶτος.
I do not blame him who succeeded in obtaining the greatest power in such circumstances, but I do not take it as a proof of being the best to have become first when the state was faring so badly; whereas he who was sent out from Sparta, which was then at the height of good government and sobriety, to the greatest commands and actions, was judged almost the best of the best and the first of the first.
§1.4ὅθεν ὁ μὲν πολλάκις τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀποδοὺς τοῖς πολίταις ἀνέλαβε πολλάκις· διέμενε γὰρ ἡ τιμὴ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔχουσα τὸ πρωτεῖον ὁ δὲ ἅπαξ αἱρεθεὶς στρατεύματος ἡγεμών, ἔτη συνεχῶς δέκα, νῦν μὲν ὕπατον, νῦν δὲ δικτάτορα ποιῶν ἑαυτόν, ἀεὶ δὲ ὢν τύραννος, ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἔμενεν.
Hence the one, having often surrendered his command to the citizens, often received it back; for the honor shown to virtue remained, holding the chief place. But the other, having once been chosen leader of an army, remained in arms for ten continuous years, making himself now consul and now dictator, but always being a tyrant.

Notes

  1. §1.1βουλομένων τῶν πολιτῶν καὶ ὑγιαινόντων — Meaning "with the citizens willing and healthy." This is a genitive absolute construction using present participles, where the noun phrase τῶν πολιτῶν functions as the subject of the participles.
  2. §1.2Γλαυκίαι καὶ Σατορνῖνοι — Meaning "men like Glaucias and Saturninus." Proper names in the plural form are used here to designate a class or type of political figures resembling these individuals.
  3. §1.3τοῦ βέλτιστον εἶναι τὸ γενέσθαι πρῶτον — Syntactically, the noun `σημεῖον` (proof) is modified by the genitive infinitive phrase `τοῦ βέλτιστον εἶναι` (of being the best), while another articular infinitive phrase `τὸ γενέσθαι πρῶτον` (to become first) functions as the subject within this relationship ("that to become first is proof of being the best").

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Comparison of Lysander and Sulla §1.1-1.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg034.humanitext-grc2:1.1-1.4

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