§1.1Μάρκῳ δὲ Κάτωνί φασιν ἀπὸ Τούσκλου τὸ γένος εἶναι, δίαιταν δὲ καὶ βίον ἔχειν πρὸ τῶν στρατειῶν καὶ τῆς πολιτείας ἐν χωρίοις πατρῴοις περὶ Σαβίνους, τῶν δὲ προγόνων παντάπασιν ἀγνώστων γεγονέναι δοκούντων αὐτὸς ὁ Κάτων καὶ τὸν πατέρα Μᾶρκον ὡς ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ στρατιωτικὸν ἐπαινεῖ, καὶ Κάτωνα τὸν πρόπαππον ἀριστείων πολλάκις τυχεῖν φησὶ καὶ πέντε πολεμιστὰς ἵππους ἐν μάχαις ἀποβαλόντα τὴν τιμὴν ἀπολαβεῖν ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου διʼ ἀνδραγαθίαν.
They say that Marcus Cato was of Tusculan descent, but that, before his campaigns and public career, he lived and made his home on his patrimonial estate in the Sabine country. Although his ancestors were thought to have been completely obscure, Cato himself praises his father Marcus as a good and soldierly man, and says that his great-grandfather Cato repeatedly won military honors, and having lost five war-horses in battles, received their value from the treasury because of his bravery.
§1.2εἰωθότων δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων τοὺς ἀπὸ γένους μὲν δόξαν οὐκ ἔχοντας, ἀρχομένους δὲ γνωρίζεσθαι διʼ αὑτῶν καινοὺς προσαγορεύειν ἀνθρώπους, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸν Κάτωνα προσηγόρευον, αὐτὸς ἔλεγε καινὸς εἶναι πρὸς ἀρχὴν καὶ δόξαν, ἔργοις δὲ προγόνων καὶ ἀρεταῖς παμπάλαιος, ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τῷ τρίτῳ τῶν ὀνομάτων πρότερον οὐ Κάτων, ἀλλὰ Πρῖσκος, ὕστερον δὲ τὸν Κάτωνα τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπώνυμον ἔσχε Ῥωμαῖοι γὰρ τὸν ἔμπειρον κάτον ὀνομάζουσιν. §1.3ἦν δὲ τὸ μὲν εἶδος ὑπόπυρρος καὶ γλαυκός, ὡς ὁ ποιήσας τὸ ἐπιγραμμάτιον οὐκ εὐμενῶς παρεμφαίνει
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πυρρόν, πανδακέτην, γλαυκόμματον, οὐδὲ θανόντα
Πόρκιον εἰς ἀίδην Φερσεφόνη δέχεται.
Since the Romans were accustomed to call those who had no glory from their family, but who began to be recognized through their own efforts, "new men"—as indeed they called Cato—he himself used to say that he was a "new man" with respect to office and glory, but with respect to the deeds and virtues of his ancestors, ancient indeed. Formerly he was called by the third of his names not Cato but Priscus, but afterwards he obtained the cognomen of Cato from his ability; for the Romans call a man of experience "catus." His physical appearance was reddish-haired and grey-eyed, as the author of the epigram unkindly hints: "Porcius, red-haired, biting-all, grey-eyed, Persephone does not receive even when dead into Hades.
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τὴν δὲ τοῦ σώματος ἕξιν αὐτουργίᾳ καὶ διαίτῃ σώφρονι καὶ στρατείαις ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς συντρόφου γεγονότος πάνυ χρηστικὴν εἶχε, καὶ πρὸς ἰσχὺν καὶ πρὸς ὑγίειαν ὁμαλῶς συνεστῶσαν.
"As for his physical condition, because he had been accustomed from the beginning to manual labor, a temperate life, and military service, he possessed a highly useful habit of body, constructed equally for strength and health.
§1.4τὸν δὲ λόγον, ὥσπερ δεύτερον σῶμα καὶ τῶν καλῶν, οὐ μόνον τῶν ἀναγκαίων ὄργανον ἀνδρὶ μὴ ταπεινῶς βιωσομένῳ μηδʼ ἀπράκτως, ἐξηρτύετο καὶ παρεσκεύαζεν ἐν ταῖς περιοικίσι κώμαις καὶ τοῖς πολιχνίοις ἑκάστοτε συνδικῶν τοῖς δεομένοις καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἀγωνιστὴς εἶναι δοκῶν πρόθυμος, εἶτα καὶ ῥήτωρ ἱκανός, ἐκ δὲ τούτου μᾶλλον τοῖς χρωμένοις κατεφαίνετο βάρος τι καὶ φρόνημα περὶ αὐτὸν ἤθους πραγμάτων μεγάλων καὶ πολιτείας δεόμενον ἡγεμονικῆς.
As for speech, which he regarded as a second body and an instrument for noble, not just necessary, purposes for a man who did not intend to live humbly or inactively, he trained and prepared it by acting as advocate for those in need in the neighboring villages and small towns on every occasion. First he was thought to be a zealous contestant, then also a capable orator, and from this it became even more apparent to those who associated with him that there was in his character a certain weight and high spirit which demanded great affairs and a leading role in public life.
§1.5οὐ γὰρ μόνον, ὡς ἔοικε, μισθαρνίας καθαρὸν ἑαυτὸν ἐπὶ τὰς δίκας καὶ τοὺς ἀγῶνας παρεῖχεν, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τὴν δόξαν ὡς μέγιστον ἀγαπῶν ἐφαίνετο τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν τοιούτων ἀγώνων, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον ἐν ταῖς μάχαις ταῖς πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ ταῖς στρατείαις βουλόμενος εὐδοκιμεῖν ἔτι μειράκιον ὢν τραυμάτων τὸ σῶμα μεστὸν ἐναντίων εἶχε.
For he did not only, as it seems, show himself pure of gain in lawsuits and trials, but he did not even appear to value most highly the glory from such contests; instead, wishing much more to win renown in battles against enemies and in military campaigns, while still a youth he had his body full of wounds received in front.
§1.6φησὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς ἑπτακαίδεκα γεγονὼς ἔτη τὴν πρώτην στρατεύσασθαι στρατείαν περὶ ὃν Ἀννίβας χρόνον εὐτυχῶν ἐπέφλεγε τὴν Ἰταλίαν.
For he himself says that he served his first campaign at the age of seventeen, about the time when Hannibal in his success was setting Italy on fire.
παρεῖχε δʼ αὑτὸν ἐν ταῖς μάχαις τῇ μὲν χειρὶ πλήκτην, τῷ δὲ ποδὶ μόνιμον καὶ βέβαιον, γαῦρον δὲ τῷ προσώπῳ· λόγου δʼ ἀπειλῇ καὶ τραχύτητι φωνῆς πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους ἐχρῆτο, ὀρθῶς καὶ διανοούμενος καὶ διδάσκων, ὅτι πολλάκις τὰ τοιαῦτα τοῦ ξίφους μᾶλλον καταπλήττεται τοὺς ἐναντίους.
In battles he showed himself heavy-handed in striking, firm and steady on his feet, and fierce in countenance; and he would confront the enemy with threatening words and a harsh voice, correctly believing and teaching that such things often terrify opponents more than the sword.
§1.7ἐν δὲ ταῖς πορείαις αὐτὸς ἐβάδιζε φέρων τὰ ὅπλα, καὶ θεράπων εἷς εἵπετο τὰ πρὸς δίαιταν αὐτῷ κομίζων, ᾧ λέγεται μηδέποτε δυσκολᾶναι μηδὲ μέμψασθαι παραθέντι ἄριστον ἢ δεῖπνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ συλλαμβάνειν αὐτὸς τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ συμπαρασκευάζειν ἀπὸ τῶν στρατιωτικῶν γενόμενος ἔργων, ὕδωρ δʼ ἔπινεν ἐπὶ στρατείας, πλὴν εἴποτε διψήσας περιφλεγῶς ὄξος αἰτήσειεν ἢ τῆς ἰσχύος ἐνδιδούσης ἐπιλάβοι μικρὸν οἰνάριον.
On marches, he walked carrying his own armor, and a single servant followed him, carrying his provisions. He is said never to have been ill-tempered or to have found fault with this servant when he served breakfast or dinner; instead, he would even help with most of the tasks and assist in preparing things himself after returning from his military duties. On campaigns he drank water, except when, burning with thirst, he would ask for vinegar, or when, his strength giving way, he would take a little cheap wine.