Humanitext Reader

Plutarch · Life of Fabius Maximus §5.1-5.6

Fabius' Strategy of Delay and Minucius' Opposition

Passage 5 of 27 · Greek

Summary

Fabius adopts a strategy of wearing down Hannibal through delay and avoiding decisive battle, which draws severe criticism and mockery from his master of horse, Minucius, and the army. Despite these reproaches, Fabius remains steadfast in his calculations, refusing to let public opinion dictate his leadership.

§5.1τῶν μέν οὖν πολλῶν ὁ Φάβιος τὴν γνώμην ἀπαρτήσας εἰς τὸ θεῖον ἡδίω πρὸς τὸ μέλλον ἐποίησεν αὐτὸς δὲ πάσας θέμενος ἐν αὑτῷ τὰς τῆς νίκης ἐλπίδας, ὡς καὶ τοῦ θεοῦ τὰς εὐπραξίας διʼ ἀρετῆς καὶ φρονήσεως παραδιδόντος, τρέπεται πρὸς Ἀννίβαν, οὐχ ὡς διαμαχούμενος, ἀλλὰ χρόνῳ τὴν ἀκμὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ χρήμασι τὴν ἀπορίαν καὶ πολυανθρωπίᾳ τὴν ὀλιγότητα τρίβειν καὶ ὑπαναλίσκειν βεβουλευμένος.
Fabius, therefore, having thus directed the minds of the multitude toward the divine, made them more cheerful for the future; but he himself, placing all his hopes of victory in himself, believing that the god also grants success through virtue and wisdom, turned toward Hannibal, not with the intention of fighting a decisive battle, but resolved to wear out and consume his prime by time, his resources by scarcity of money, and his small numbers by his own multitude of men.
§5.2ὅθεν ἀεὶ μετέωρος ἀπὸ τῆς ἵππου τῶν πολεμίων ἐν τόποις ὀρεινοῖς στρατοπεδεύων ἐπῃωρεῖτο, καθημένου μέν ἡσυχάζων, κινουμένου δὲ κατὰ τῶν ἄκρων κύκλῳ περιιὼν καὶ περιφαινόμενος ἐκ διαστήματος ὅσον ἀκοντὶ μὴ βιασθῆναι μάχεσθαι καὶ φόβον ὡς μαχησόμενος τοῖς πολεμίοις ἀπὸ τῆς μελλήσεως αὐτῆς παρέχειν.
For this reason, always keeping on high ground away from the enemy's cavalry and encamping in mountainous places, he hung over them, remaining quiet when they were stationary, but when they moved, marching along the heights around them and showing himself at such a distance as not to be forced to fight by missiles, and imparting to the enemy a fear that he was about to fight, by this very delay.
οὕτω δὲ παράγων τὸν χρόνον ὑπὸ πάντων κατεφρονεῖτο, καὶ κακῶς μέν ἤκουεν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ, κομιδῇ δὲ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἄτολμος ἐδόκει καὶ τὸ μηδὲν εἶναι πλὴν ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς Ἀννίβου.
And by thus drawing out the time, he was despised by all, and had an ill-repute in the camp, and to the enemy he seemed utterly spiritless and to be nothing, except to one man, Hannibal.
§5.3μόνος δʼ ἐκεῖνος αὐτοῦ τὴν δεινότητα, καὶ τὸν τρόπον ᾧ πολεμεῖν ἐγνώκει, συνιδών, καὶ διανοηθεὶς ὡς πάσῃ τέχνῃ καὶ βίᾳ κινητέος ἐστὶν εἰς μάχην ὁ ἀνὴρ ἢ διαπέπρακται τὰ Καρχηδονίων, οἷς μέν εἰσι κρείττους ὅπλοις χρήσασθαι μὴ δυναμένων, οἷς δὲ λείπονται σώμασι καὶ χρήμασιν ἐλαττουμένων καὶ δαπανωμένων εἰς τὸ μηδέν, ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἰδέαν στρατηγικῶν σοφισμάτων καὶ παλαις μάτων τ ρεπόμενος, καὶ πειρώμενος ὥσπερ δεινὸς ἀθλητὴς λαβὴν ζητῶν, προσέβαλλε καὶ διετάραττε καὶ μετῆγε πολλαχόσε τὸν Φάβιον, ἐκστῆσαι τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀσφαλείας λογισμῶν βουλόμενος.
But that man alone, discerning his skill and the manner in which he had resolved to wage war, and realizing that by every art and force the man must be driven into battle, or else the affairs of the Carthaginians were ruined—since they were unable to use the weapons in which they were superior, and were diminished and spent to nothing in those things, namely bodies and money, in which they were inferior—turned to every form of generalship's stratagems and wrestling tricks; and trying, like a skilled athlete, to seek a hold, he attacked, harassed, and shifted Fabius to many places, wishing to drive him out of his calculations for safety.
§5.4τῷ δʼ ἡ μέν γνώμη πίστιν ἔχουσα τοῦ συμφέροντος ἐν ἑαυτῇ βέβαιος εἱστήκει καὶ ἀμετάπτωτος·
But to Fabius, his judgment, holding within itself the conviction of what was advantageous, stood firm and unchangeable.
ἠνώχλει δʼ αὐτὸν ὁ ἵππαρχος Μινούκιος φιλομαχῶν ἀκαίρως καὶ θρασυνόμενος καὶ δημαγωγῶν τὸ στράτευμα μανικῆς φορᾶς καὶ κενῶν ἐλπίδων ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ πεπληρωμένον οἳ τὸν μέν Φάβιον σκώπτοντες καὶ καταφρονοῦντες Ἀννίβου παιδαγωγὸν ἀπεκάλουν, τὸν δὲ Μινούκιον μέγαν ἄνδρα καὶ τῆς Ῥώμης ἄξιον ἡγοῦντο στρατηγόν·
However, the master of horse, Minucius, harassed him, desiring battle inopportunely, acting with boldness, and demagoguing the army, which had been filled by him with a mad impulse and empty hopes; they, mocking and despising Fabius, called him Hannibal's pedagogue, while they regarded Minucius as a great man and a general worthy of Rome.
§5.5ὁ δὲ μᾶλλον εἰς φρόνημα καὶ θράσος ἀνειμένος ἐχλεύαζε μὲν τὰς ἐπὶ τῶν ἄκρων στρατοπεδείας, ὡς καλὰ θέατρα τοῦ δικτάτορος ἀεὶ παρασκευαζομένου θεωρήσουσι πορθουμένην καὶ φλεγομένην τὴν Ἰταλίαν, ἠρώτα δὲ τοὺς φίλους τοῦ Φαβίου πότερον εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἄρας ἀναφέρει τὸν στρατὸν ὡς τῆς γῆς ἀπεγνωκώς, ἢ νέφη καὶ ὁμίχλας προβαλλόμενος ἀποδιδράσκει τοὺς πολεμίους.
And he, giving himself up even more to pride and boldness, mocked the encampments on the heights, saying that the dictator was always preparing fine theaters for them to watch Italy being plundered and burned, and he asked Fabius's friends whether he was raising and carrying the army into heaven because he had despaired of the earth, or whether he was hiding behind clouds and mists to escape from the enemy.
§5.6ταῦτα τῶν φίλων πρὸς τὸν Φάβιον ἀπαγγελλόντων καὶ τὴν ἀδοξίαν τῷ κινδύνῳ λῦσαι παραινούντων, οὕτω μέντἄν, ἔφη, δειλότερος ἢ νῦν εἶναι δοκῶ γενοίμην, εἰ σκώμματα καὶ λοιδορίας φοβηθεὶς ἐκπέσοιμι τῶν ἐμαυτοῦ λογισμῶν, καίτοι τὸ μέν ὑπὲρ πατρίδος οὐκ αἰσχρὸν δέος, ἡ δὲ πρὸς δόξαν ἀνθρώπων καὶ διαβολὰς καὶ ψόγους ἔκπληξις οὐκ ἀξίου τηλικαύτης ἀρχῆς ἀνδρός, ἀλλὰ δουλεύοντος ὧν κρατεῖν αὐτὸν καὶ δεσπόζειν κακῶς φρονούντων προσήκει.
When his friends reported these things to Fabius and advised him to dispel the disgrace by running the risk of battle, he said: 'In that case indeed, I should become more cowardly than I am now thought to be, if, through fear of mockery and abuse, I should abandon my own calculations. And yet, fear for one's country is not shameful; but to be dismayed by the opinion of men, and by slanders and censures, is the mark of a man unworthy of so great an office, but rather of one who is a slave to those over whom it is fitting that he himself should rule and master, when they are of ill judgment.'

Notes

  1. 5.1ἡδίω — ἡδίω is the masculine/feminine accusative plural of ἡδίων, the comparative of the adjective ἡδύς (contracted from ἡδίονα), and modifies the logically implied object 'them' (the citizens). It is interpreted as 'made them more cheerful for the future.'
  2. 5.1χρόνῳ τὴν ἀκμὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ χρήμασι τὴν ἀπορίαν καὶ πολυανθρωπίᾳ τὴν ὀλιγότητα — Datives of instrument (χρόνῳ, χρήμασι, πολυανθρωπίᾳ) and their respective accusative objects (τὴν ἀκμὴν αὐτοῦ, τὴν ἀπορίαν, τὴν ὀλιγότητα) are set in parallel contrast. In particular, χρήμασι τὴν ἀπορίαν refers to wearing down the enemy's scarcity (ἀπορία) by means of money (χρήματα), or points to the enemy's financial embarrassment, illustrating the strategy of exploiting the Carthaginians' lack of resources in a war of attrition.
  3. 5.3μὴ δυναμένων — The genitive participle μὴ δυναμένων, along with the subsequent ἐλαττουμένων and δαπανωμένων, has the preceding genitive noun Καρχηδονίων (of the Carthaginians) as its logical subject, functioning either as a genitive absolute or as attributive participles modifying the noun. It explains the causal circumstances: 'since they are unable to... and are being diminished...'
  4. 5.6οὐκ ἀξίου... ἀλλὰ δουλεύοντος — The genitives ἀνδρός and δουλεύοντος function as genitives of characteristic, meaning 'it is characteristic of' or 'it is worthy of'. It denotes that such behavior 'is not the mark of a man worthy of so great an office, but rather of one who is a slave to...'

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Fabius Maximus §5.1-5.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg013.humanitext-grc2:5.1-5.6

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