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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §3.83.1-3.83.4

Pervasive Distrust and the Defeat of Intellect in Stasis

Passage 332 of 917 · Greek

Summary

Summarizes the moral degradation of the Greek world during the civil strifes, illustrating how mutual distrust rendered oaths useless, how simpler-minded men survived through bold actions, and how those relying on intellect were destroyed due to lack of precaution.

§3.83.1οὕτω πᾶσα ἰδέα κατέστη κακοτροπίας διὰ τὰς στάσεις τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ, καὶ τὸ εὔηθες, οὗ τὸ γενναῖον πλεῖστον μετέχει, καταγελασθὲν ἠφανίσθη, τὸ δὲ ἀντιτετάχθαι ἀλλήλοις τῇ γνώμῃ ἀπίστως ἐπὶ πολὺ διήνεγκεν·
Thus every form of wickedness established itself in the Hellenic world because of the civil strifes, and that simplicity, of which nobility of character has so large a share, was laughed down and disappeared, while a mutual state of armed suspicion in their minds prevailed to a great extent.
§3.83.2οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὁ διαλύσων οὔτε λόγος ἐχυρὸς οὔτε ὅρκος φοβερός, κρείσσους δὲ ὄντες ἅπαντες λογισμῷ ἐς τὸ ἀνέλπιστον τοῦ βεβαίου μὴ παθεῖν μᾶλλον προυσκόπουν ἢ πιστεῦσαι ἐδύναντο.
For there was no power to reconcile them, neither binding promise nor dread oath; but all, being superior in their calculation to the hopelessness of finding anything secure, were unable to trust, and rather looked ahead to avoid suffering harm themselves.
§3.83.3καὶ οἱ φαυλότεροι γνώμην ὡς τὰ πλείω περιεγίγνοντο· τῷ γὰρ δεδιέναι τό τε αὑτῶν ἐνδεὲς καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐναντίων ξυνετόν, μὴ λόγοις τε ἥσσους ὦσι καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πολυτρόπου αὐτῶν τῆς γνώμης φθάσωσι προεπιβουλευόμενοι, τολμηρῶς πρὸς τὰ ἔργα ἐχώρουν.
And those who were of meaner intellect generally survived; for through fear of their own deficiency and the cleverness of their opponents, lest they should be worsted in debate and be anticipated by the versatile intellect of their enemies in plotting beforehand, they boldly went straight to deeds.
§3.83.4οἱ δὲ καταφρονοῦντες κἂν προαισθέσθαι καὶ ἔργῳ οὐδὲν σφᾶς δεῖν λαμβάνειν ἃ γνώμῃ ἔξεστιν, ἄφαρκτοι μᾶλλον διεφθείροντο.
But those who contemptuously assumed that they would perceive it beforehand, and that there was no need for them to take by force what they could obtain by intellect, were rather destroyed in their lack of precaution.

Notes

  1. §3.83.1οὗ τὸ γενναῖον πλεῖστον μετέχει — The relative pronoun οὗ (genitive neuter singular) refers back to the antecedent τὸ εὔηθες (simplicity). The verb μετέχω takes the genitive to denote partaking of a share; here τὸ γενναῖον (nobility) is the subject, meaning literally that nobility has the largest share in simplicity.
  2. §3.83.2κρείσσους δὲ ὄντες ἅπαντες λογισμῷ ἐς τὸ ἀνέλπιστον τοῦ βεβαίου μὴ παθεῖν — A highly difficult construction. The phrase κρείσσους ὄντες ἅπαντες... ἐς τὸ ἀνέλπιστον... means that everyone was superior (too strong to be deceived) in their rational calculation (λογισμῷ) regarding the hopelessness of finding anything secure (τὸ ἀνέλπιστον τοῦ βεβαίου). The infinitive phrase μὴ παθεῖν expresses purpose ('so as not to suffer harm') and depends on the subsequent verb προυσκόπουν.
  3. §3.83.3φθάσωσι προεπιβουλευόμενοι — A combination of the verb φθάνω (to anticipate) with the passive participle προεπιβουλευόμενοι (being plotted against beforehand). Within the fear clause introduced by μή, it expresses the apprehension of the subjects (the simpler-minded) 'lest they should be anticipated by having plots formed against them'.
  4. §3.83.4κἂν προαισθέσθαι — κἂν is a crasis of καὶ ἄν. This is a potential construction consisting of ἄν with the aorist infinitive προαισθέσθαι ('that they would even perceive it beforehand'), representing the thoughts of those who contemptuously assumed (καταφρονοῦντες) this to be the case.

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §3.83.1-3.83.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.83.1-3.83.4

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