[IDEM libro sexto de cognitionibus. ] §48.19.28.prCapitalium poenarum fere isti gradus sunt.
[THE SAME, from the sixth book on Extraordinary Trials.] following are approximately the degrees of capital punishments.
summum supplicium esse uidetur ad furcam damnatio.
The extreme penalty is considered to be condemnation to the fork.
item uiui crematio: quod quamquam summi supplicii appellatione merito contineretur, tamen eo, quod postea id genus poenae adinuentum est, posterius primo uisum est.
Likewise, burning alive: although this is deservedly included under the term of the extreme penalty, yet, because this kind of punishment was invented later, it was regarded as subsequent to the first.
item capitis amputatio.
Likewise, decapitation.
deinde proxima morti poena metalli coercitio.
Next, the punishment closest to death is forced labor in the mines.
post deinde in insulam deportatio. §48.19.28.1Ceterae poenae ad existimationem, non ad capitis periculum pertinent, ueluti relegatio ad tempus, uel in perpetuum, uel in insulam, uel cum in opus quis publicum datur, uel cum fustium ictu subicitur. §48.19.28.2Non omnes fustibus caedi solent, sed hi dumtaxat qui liberi sunt et quidem tenuiores homines: honestiores uero fustibus non subiciuntur, idque principalibus rescriptis specialiter exprimitur. §48.19.28.3Solent quidam, qui uolgo se iuuenes appellant, in quibusdam ciuitatibus turbulentis se adclamationibus popularium accommodare.
After that, deportation to an island. punishments relate to reputation, not to the danger of life, such as relegation for a time, or in perpetuity, or to an island, or when anyone is sentenced to public works, or when he is subjected to beating with rods. everyone is accustomed to be beaten with rods, but only those who are free and indeed of the humbler class: the more honorable, however, are not subjected to rods, and this is specifically expressed in imperial rescripts. persons, who commonly call themselves "the youth," are accustomed in some turbulent cities to fall in with the acclamations of the populace.
qui si amplius nihil admiserint nec ante sint a praeside admoniti, fustibus caesi dimittuntur aut etiam spectaculis eis interdicitur.
If they commit nothing further and have not been warned beforehand by the governor, they are dismissed after being beaten with rods, or they are even barred from the spectacles.
quod si ita correcti in eisdem deprehendantur, exilio puniendi sunt, nonnumquam capite plectendi, scilicet cum saepius seditiose et turbulente se gesserint et aliquotiens adprehensi tractati clementius in eadem temeritate propositi perseuerauerint. §48.19.28.4Serui caesi solent dominis reddi. §48.19.28.5Et ut generaliter dixerim, omnes, qui fustibus caedi prohibentur, eandem habere honoris reuerentiam debent, quam decuriones habent.
But if, having been thus corrected, they are caught in the same acts, they must be punished with exile, and sometimes with death, namely, when they have behaved seditiously and turbulently too often and, having been apprehended several times and treated more leniently, have persevered in the same rashness of purpose., after being beaten, are accustomed to be returned to their masters. to speak generally, all who are prohibited from being beaten with rods ought to have the same respect for their honor as decurions have.
est enim inconstans dicere eum, quem principales constitutiones fustibus subici prohibuerunt, in metallum dari posse. §48.19.28.6Diuus Hadrianus in haec uerba rescripsit. 'In opus metalli ad tempus nemo damnari debet.
For it is inconsistent to say that a person whom imperial constitutions have prohibited from being subjected to rods can be sentenced to the mines. divine Hadrian replied by rescript in these words: "No one ought to be condemned to labor in the mines for a time.
sed qui ad tempus damnatus est, etiamsi faciet metallicum opus, non in metallum damnatus esse intellegi debet: huius enim libertas manet, quamdiu etiam hi, qui in perpetuum opus damnantur'. proinde et mulieres hoc modo damnatae liberos pariunt. §48.19.28.7Ad statuas confugere uel imagines principum in iniuriam alterius prohibitum est.
But he who has been condemned for a time, even if he performs mining labor, ought not to be understood as having been condemned to the mines: for his freedom remains, just as long as [the freedom] of those who are condemned to perpetual labor [likewise remains]." Consequently, women condemned in this manner also bear free children. flee to the statues or busts of the emperors to the injury of another is prohibited.
cum enim leges omnibus hominibus aequaliter securitatem tribuant, merito uisum est in iniuriam potius alterius quam sui defensionis gratia ad statuas uel imagines principum confugere: nisi si quis ex uinculis uel custodia detentus a potentioribus ad huiusmodi praesidium confugerit: his enim uenia tribuenda est.
For since the laws grant security to all people equally, it has deservedly seemed that fleeing to the statues or busts of the emperors is done rather to the injury of another than for the sake of one's own defense: unless anyone detained in chains or custody by more powerful persons has fled to this kind of protection: for to these, indulgence must be granted.
ne autem ad statuas uel imagines quis confugiat, senatus censuit: eumque, qui imaginem Caesaris in inuidiam alterius praetulisset, in uincula publica coerceri diuus Pius rescripsit. §48.19.28.8Omnia admissa in patronum patroniue filium patrem propinquum maritum uxorem ceterasque necessitudines grauius uindicanda sunt quam in extraneos. §48.19.28.9Uenenarii capite puniendi sunt aut, si dignitatis respectum agi oportuerit, deportandi. §48.19.28.10Grassatores, qui praedae causa id faciunt, proximi latronibus habentur.
Moreover, lest anyone should flee to the statues or busts, the senate decreed; and the divine Pius replied by rescript that he who had held up the bust of Caesar to bring odium upon another should be confined in public chains. offenses committed against a patron, a patron's son, a father, a relative, a husband, a wife, and other close connections are to be punished more severely than those against strangers. are to be punished with death, or, if respect for their rank ought to be shown, they are to be deported., who do this for the sake of plunder, are held to be closest to robbers.
et si cum ferro adgredi et spoliare instituerunt, capite puniuntur, utique si saepius atque in itineribus hoc admiserunt: ceteri in metallum dantur uel in insulas relegantur. §48.19.28.11Igni cremantur plerumque serui, qui saluti dominorum suorum insidiauerint, nonnumquam etiam liberi plebeii et humiles personae. §48.19.28.12Incendiarii capite puniuntur, qui ob inimicitias uel praedae causa incenderint intra oppidum: et plerumque uiui exuruntur.
And if they have made it a practice to attack with weapons and despoil, they are punished with death, especially if they have committed this too often and on journeys: others are sentenced to the mines or relegated to islands. who have plotted against the life of their masters are usually burned with fire, and sometimes also plebeian freemen and persons of humble status. who, out of enmity or for the sake of plunder, have set fire within a town are punished with death, and are usually burned alive.
qui uero casam aut uillam, aliquo lenius.
But those who set fire to a cottage or a villa are punished somewhat more leniently.
nam fortuita incendia, si, cum uitari possent, per neglegentiam eorum, apud quos orta sunt, damno uicinis fuerunt, ciuiliter exercentur (ut qui iactura adfectus est, damni disceptet) uel modice uindicaretur. §48.19.28.13In exulibus gradus poenarum constituti edicto diui Hadriani, ut qui ad tempus relegatus est, si redeat in insulam relegetur, qui relegatus in insulam excesserit, in insulam deportetur, qui deportatus euaserit, capite puniatur. §48.19.28.14Ita et in custodiis gradum seruandum esse idem princeps rescripsit, id est ut, qui in tempus damnati erant, in perpetuum damnarentur, qui in perpetuum damnati erant, in metallum damnarentur, qui in metallum damnati id admiserint, summo supplicio adficerentur. §48.19.28.15Famosos latrones in his locis, ubi grassati sunt, furca figendos compluribus placuit, ut et conspectu deterreantur alii ab isdem facinoribus et solacio sit cognatis et adfinibus interemptorum eodem loco poena reddita, in quo latrones homicidia fecissent: nonnulli etiam ad bestias hos damnauerunt. §48.19.28.16Maiores nostri in omni supplicio seuerius seruos quam liberos, famosos quam integrae famae homines punierunt.
For accidental fires, if, when they could have been avoided, they caused damage to neighbors through the negligence of those in whose houses they arose, are prosecuted civilly (so that he who suffered loss may dispute the damage) or would be moderately punished. exiles, degrees of punishment were established by an edict of the divine Hadrian: so that he who was relegated for a time, if he returns, is to be relegated to an island; he who, having been relegated to an island, leaves it, is to be deported to an island; he who, having been deported, escapes, is to be punished with death., the same emperor replied by rescript that a degree must also be observed in prison sentences; that is, so that those who had been condemned for a time should be condemned in perpetuity; those who had been condemned in perpetuity should be condemned to the mines; and those who, having been condemned to the mines, commit the same offense should be punished with the extreme penalty. has pleased many that notorious robbers should be fixed to the fork in those places where they committed their depredations, so that both others may be deterred from the same crimes by the sight, and it may be a consolation to the relatives and connections of those slain that the punishment is paid in the same place where the robbers had committed the murders; some have even condemned them to the beasts. ancestors punished slaves more severely than free men, and notorious men more severely than those of unblemished reputation, in every punishment.