[PAULUS libro quinto decimo quaestionum. ] §46.3.98.prQui res suas obligauit, postea aliquam possessionem ex his pro filia sua dotem promittendo obligauit et soluit. si ea res a creditore euicta est, dicendum est maritum ex dotis promissione agere posse, ac si statuliberum remue sub condicione legatam dotis nomine pro filia pater soluisset: harum enim rerum solutio non potest nisi ex euentu liberare, scilicet quo casu certum erit remanere eas.
[PAULUS, in the fifteenth book of Questions.] One who has pledged his own property, and later has pledged and delivered one of these possessions by promising it as a dowry for his daughter; if that property is evicted by the creditor, it must be said that the husband can sue on the promise of the dowry, just as if the father had delivered, in the name of a dowry for his daughter, a statuliber or a thing bequeathed under a condition; for the performance of these things cannot discharge the obligation except by the outcome, namely, in the case where it becomes certain that they will remain with the recipient.
§46.3.98.1Diuersum respondetur in ea pecunia siue re, quam patronus post mortem liberti per Fabianam aufert: haec enim actio cum sit noua, partam liberationem non potest reuocare.
A different answer is given in the case of that money or thing which a patron takes away after the death of a freedman by the Fabiana action; for since this action is new, it cannot revoke a discharge already obtained.
H §46.3.98.2uic applicatur minor uiginti quinque annis, qui a creditore circumscriptus in rem ex causa debiti solutam restituitur.
To this is applied a minor under twenty-five years of age, who, having been defrauded by a creditor, is restored in respect of a thing delivered on account of a debt.
§46.3.98.3Rem autem castrensis peculii soluentem patrem perinde accipere debemus, ac si alienam dedisset, quamuis possit residere apud eum, cui soluta est, prius mortuo intestato filio: sed tunc adquisita creditur, cum filius decesserit: et utique cuius fuerit, euentus declaret sitque et hoc ex his, quae post factis, in praeteritum quid fuerit, declarent.
But we ought to regard a father who pays with a thing belonging to a military peculium just as if he had given someone else's property, although it might remain with him to whom it was paid, if the son should die beforehand intestate; but it is believed to be acquired only when the son dies; and in any case, the outcome declares whose property it was, and this too is among those things which, by subsequent events, declare what was the case in the past.
§46.3.98.4Mihi dare decem pure aut Titio kalendis uel sub condicione, aut mihi kalendis Ianuariis, Titio Februariis utiliter stipulor: quod si mihi kalendis Februariis, Titio kalendis Ianuariis, potest dubitari.
"To give ten to me unconditionally, or to Titius on the Kalends or under a condition," or "to me on the Kalends of January, and to Titius on the Kalends of February," I stipulate validly; but if "to me on the Kalends of February, and to Titius on the Kalends of January," there may be doubt.
sed rectius dicitur utiliter stipulatum: nam cum in diem sit ea quoque obligatio, etiam mihi solui potest ante Februarias: igitur et illi solui poterit.
But it is more correctly said to be a valid stipulation; for since that obligation also is subject to a future day, payment can be made to me even before February; therefore it can also be paid to him.
§46.3.98.5Qui stipulatus 'sibi aut Titio' si hoc dicit 'si Titio non solueris' dari sibi, uidetur condicionaliter stipulari.
One who stipulates "to himself or to Titius," if he means this: "if you do not pay Titius," to be given to himself, is deemed to stipulate conditionally.
et ideo etiam sic facta stipulatione: 'mihi decem aut quinque Titio dari?' quinque Titio solutis liberabitur reus a stipulatore.
And therefore, even if the stipulation is made thus: "ten to me, or five to Titius to be given?", by paying five to Titius, the debtor will be discharged from the stipulator.
quod ita potest admitti, si hoc ipsum expressim agebatur, ut quasi poena adiecta sit in persona stipulantis, si Titio solutum non esset.
Which can be admitted only if this very thing was expressly agreed, so that a sort of penalty is added in the person of the stipulator if payment was not made to Titius.
at ubi simpliciter 'sibi aut Titio' stipulatur, solutionis tantum causa adhibetur Titius et ideo quinque ei solutis remanebunt reliqua quinque in obligatione.
But where he stipulates simply "to himself or to Titius," Titius is added solely for the purpose of payment, and therefore, upon five being paid to him, the remaining five will remain in the obligation.
contra si mihi quinque, illi decem stipulatus sim, quinque Titio solutis non facit conceptio stipulationis, ut a me liberetur: porro si decem soluerit, non quinque repetet, sed mihi per mandati actionem decem debebuntur.
On the other hand, if I stipulate five for myself and ten for him, the payment of five to Titius does not, by the formulation of the stipulation, discharge the debtor from me; furthermore, if he pays ten, he will not recover five, but ten will be owed to me through the action on mandate.
§46.3.98.6Mihi Romae aut Ephesi Titio dari stipulor: an soluendo Titio Ephesi a me liberetur, uideamus: nam si diuersa facta sunt, ut Iulianus putat, diuersa res est.
"To be given to me at Rome, or to Titius at Ephesus," I stipulate; let us see whether by paying Titius at Ephesus he is discharged from me; for if different acts are required, as Julian thinks, it is a different matter.
sed cum praeualet causa dandi, liberatur: liberaretur enim et si mihi Stichum, illi Pamphilum dari stipulatus essem et Titio Pamphilum soluisset.
But when the purpose of giving prevails, he is discharged; for he would also be discharged if I had stipulated for Stichus to be given to me and Pamphilus to him, and he had paid Pamphilus to Titius.
at ubi merum factum stipulor, puta insulam in meo solo aedificari aut in Titii loco, numquid, si in Titii loco aedificet, non contingat liberatio? nemo enim dixit facto pro facto soluto liberationem contingere.
But when I stipulate for a mere act, for example, that an apartment building be built on my ground or on Titius's land, if he builds on Titius's land, does not discharge occur? For no one has said that discharge occurs by performing one act instead of another.
sed uerius est liberationem contingere, quia non factum pro facto soluere uidetur, sed electio promissoris completur.
But it is more true that discharge occurs, because he is not deemed to perform one act instead of another, but the choice of the promisor is fulfilled.
§46.3.98.7Si seruus fructuarius ex re fructuarii domino proprietatis aut fructuario stipuletur, inutilis est stipulatio: at ex re proprietarii si ipsi domino aut fructuario stipuletur, recte stipulatur: tantum enim solutionis capax est fructuarius hoc casu, non etiam obligationis.
If a usufructuary slave stipulates, from the property of the usufructuary, for the owner of the property or for the usufructuary, the stipulation is void; but if he stipulates, from the property of the owner, for the owner himself or for the usufructuary, he stipulates validly; for in this case the usufructuary is capable only of receiving payment, not also of acquiring an obligation.
§46.3.98.8Aream promisi alienam: in ea dominus insulam aedificauit: an stipulatio extincta sit, quaesitum est.
I promised another's land; on it, the owner built an apartment building; it was asked whether the stipulation is extinguished.
respondi, si alienum hominem promisi et is a domino manumissus est, liberor.
I answered: if I promised another's slave and he was manumitted by his owner, I am discharged.
nec admissum est, quod Celsus ait, si idem rursus lege aliqua seruus effectus sit, peti eum posse: in perpetuum enim sublata obligatio restitui non potest, et si seruus effectus sit, alius uidetur esse.
Nor is Celsus's view accepted, that if the same person becomes a slave again by some law, he can be sued for; for an obligation once extinguished for ever cannot be restored, and even if he becomes a slave again, he is deemed to be a different person.
nec simili argumento usus est, ut, si nauem, quam tu promisisti, dominus dissoluerit, deinde isdem tabulis compegerit, teneri te: hic enim eadem nauis est, quam te daturum spopondisti, ut uideatur magis obligatio cessare quam extincta esse.
Nor did Celsus use a sound analogical argument when he said that if the owner dismantles a ship which you promised and then rebuilds it with the same planks, you are bound; for here it is the same ship which you promised to give, so that the obligation seems to have been suspended rather than extinguished.
homini autem manumisso simile fiet, si ea mente dissolutam esse nauem posueris, ut in alios usus conuerterentur tabulae, deinde mutato consilio easdem compositas: alia enim uidebitur esse posterior nauis, sicut ille alius homo est.
But a case similar to the manumitted slave arises if you assume that the ship was dismantled with the intention that the planks should be converted to other uses, and then, after a change of mind, it was built of the same; for the later ship will be deemed to be another ship, just as that other is a different man.
non est his similis area, in qua aedificium positum est: non enim desiit in rerum natura esse.
The land on which a building has been placed is not similar to these; for it has not ceased to exist in the nature of things.
immo et peti potest area et aestimatio eius solui debebit: pars enim insulae area est et quidem maxima, cui etiam superficies cedit.
On the contrary, the land itself can be sued for, and its estimated value must be paid; for the land is part of the building, and indeed the greatest part, to which the superstructure also accedes.
diuersum dicemus, si seruus promissus ab hostibus captus sit: hic interim peti non potest quasi ante diem, sed si redierit postliminio, recte tunc petetur: cessauit enim hic obligatio.
We shall say otherwise if the promised slave is captured by enemies; here in the meantime he cannot be sued for, as if before the day, but if he returns by postliminium, he will then be sued for validly; for here the obligation was suspended.
area autem extat, sicut cetera, ex quibus aedificium constitit.
But the land exists, just as do the other things of which the building consists.
denique lex duodecim tabularum tignum aedibus iunctum uindicari posse scit, sed interim id solui prohibuit pretiumque eius dari uoluit.
Finally, the Law of the Twelve Tables knew that a beam joined to a building could be vindicated, but in the meantime forbade it to be detached and wanted its double value to be given.