[IDEM libro uicensimo septimo quaestionum. ] §46.1.49.prSi testamento liberatum debitorem heres omittat, fideiussorem autem eius conueniat, proderit exceptio doli fideiussori propter improbitatem heredis, quae prodesse reo debuerat, si conueniretur. §46.1.49.1Ex duobus fideiussoris heredibus si per errorem alter solidum exsoluat, quidam putant habere eum condictionem et ideo manere obligatum coheredem: cessante quoque condictione durare obligationem coheredis probant propterea, quod creditor, qui, dum se putat obligatum, partem ei, qui totum dedit, exsoluerit, nullam habebit condictionem.
[The same, in the twenty-seventh book of Questions.]If the heir passes over the debtor who was released by testament, but sues his surety, the exception of fraud will benefit the surety on account of the dishonesty of the heir, which ought to have benefited the debtor if he had been sued.If one of two heirs of a surety pays the whole by mistake, some think that he has a personal action for recovery and therefore the co-heir remains obligated; they also prove that the obligation of the co-heir endures even if the personal action for recovery is unavailable, for the reason that a creditor who, while he thinks himself obligated, has paid back a part to the one who gave the whole, will have no personal action for recovery.
quod si duo fideiussores accepti fuerint uerbi gratia in uiginti et alter ex duobus heredibus alterius fideiussoris totum creditori exsoluerit, habebit quidem decem, quae ipso iure non debuit, condictionem: an autem et alia quinque milia repetere possit, si fideiussor alter soluendo est, uidendum est: ab initio enim heres fideiussoris siue heredes ut ipse fideiussor audiendi sunt, ut scilicet pro parte singuli fideiussores qui sunt conueniantur.
But if two sureties have been accepted, for example, for twenty, and one of two heirs of one of the sureties has paid the whole to the creditor, he will indeed have a personal action for recovery of ten, which he did not owe by operation of law; but whether he can also recover the other five thousand, if the other surety is solvent, must be considered; for from the beginning, the heir or heirs of a surety are to be heard just as the surety himself, namely, so that the individual sureties who exist may be sued for their respective shares.
seuerior et utilior est in utroque casu illa sententia solutionem non indebitae quantitatis non debere reuocari, quod etiam epistula diui Pii significatur in persona fideiussoris, qui totum exsoluerat. §46.1.49.2Quaesitum est, an fideiussor, qui 'Capuae pecuniam se daturum' Romae promisit, si reus promittendi Capuae esset, statim conueniri possit.
In both cases, the opinion is stricter and more useful that the payment of an amount which is not undue ought not to be revoked, which is also indicated by a letter of the divine Pius in the case of a surety who had paid the whole.The question was asked whether a surety who promised in Rome "that he would give money at Capua" can be sued immediately, if the debtor who promised were at Capua.
dixi non magis fideiussorem confestim teneri, quam si ipse Capuae spopondisset, cum reus adhuc Capuam peruenire non potuisset: nec ad rem pertinere, quod hoc latere nemo dubitet nondum fideiussorem teneri, quia nec ipse reus promittendi teneretur.
I said that the surety is no more bound immediately than if he himself had promised at Capua, when the debtor could not yet have arrived at Capua; and that it is irrelevant that, on this side, no one doubts that the surety is not yet bound because the debtor who promised would not be bound either.
nam e contrario quoque si quis responderit, quoniam debitor Capuae sit, fideiussorem confestim teneri non habita ratione taciti proprii temporis, euenturum, ut eo casu fideiussor conueniatur, quo debitor ipse, si Romae fuisset, non conueniretur.
For on the contrary, if anyone should answer that, since the debtor is at Capua, the surety is bound immediately without taking into account his own tacit time, it would happen that the surety would be sued in a case where the debtor himself, if he had been at Rome, would not be sued.
itaque nobis placet fideiussoriam obligationem condicionem taciti temporis ex utriusque persona reciperare tam rei promittendi quam ipsius fideiussoris, quoniam aliud respondentibus contra iuris formam in duriorem condicionem acceptus intellegetur.
Therefore, we hold that the surety's obligation incorporates the condition of tacit time from the person of both, as well of the debtor who promised as of the surety himself, since for those who answer otherwise, he will be understood to have been accepted in a harder condition contrary to the form of law.