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Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §45.1.54.pr-45.1.54.1

Division of Specific, Generic, and Service Stipulations

Passage 7401 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

Julianus explains the difference in division rules between stipulations for specific things and generic things, and argues that stipulations for services (operae) are divided by number like generic things, while detailing how joint ownership and joint patrons affect this process.

[IDEM libro uicensimo secundo digestorum. ] §45.1.54.prIn stipulationibus alias species, alias genera deducuntur.
[THE SAME, in the twenty-second book of the Digests.] In stipulations, sometimes specific things, sometimes generic things are brought in.
cum species stipulamur, necesse est inter dominos et inter heredes ita diuidi stipulationem, ut partes corporum cuique debebuntur.
When we stipulate for a specific thing, it is necessary that the stipulation be divided among joint owners or among heirs in such a way that shares of the physical bodies will be owed to each.
quotiens autem genera stipulamur, numero fit inter eos diuisio: ueluti cum Stichum et Pamphilum quis stipulatus duos heredes aequis partibus reliquit, necesse est utrique partem dimidiam Stichi et Pamphili deberi: si idem duos homines stipulatus fuisset, singuli homines heredibus eius deberentur.
Whenever, however, we stipulate for generic things, the division among them is made by number: for example, when someone who had stipulated for Stichus and Pamphilus left two heirs with equal shares, it is necessary that a half-share of both Stichus and Pamphilus be owed to each; if the same person had stipulated for two slaves, individual slaves would be owed to his heirs.
§45.1.54.1Operarum stipulatio similis est his stipulationibus, in quibus genera comprehenduntur: et ideo diuisio eius stipulationis non in partes operarum, sed in numerum cedit.
A stipulation for services is similar to those stipulations in which generic things are contained; and therefore the division of that stipulation does not result in parts of services, but in their number.
quod si unam operam seruus communis stipulatus fuerit, necesse est utrique dominorum partem operae tantam, quantam in seruo habuerit, petere.
But if a common slave has stipulated for one day of service, it is necessary for each of the masters to claim only such a share of the service as he had in the slave.
solutio autem eius obligationis expeditissima est, si aestimationem operae malit libertus offerre aut si consentiant patroni, ut is communiter operae edantur.
However, the discharge of that obligation is easiest if the freedman prefers to offer the valuation of the service, or if the patrons agree that the services be rendered to them in common.

Notes

  1. §45.1.54.pralias... alias — Adverbial usage meaning "at one time... at another time..." or "sometimes... sometimes...". It must not be mistaken for an adjective modifying the nouns, especially since "alias" (feminine accusative plural) does not grammatically agree with "genera" (neuter plural).
  2. §45.1.54.prutrique partem dimidiam Stichi et Pamphili deberi — An accusative with infinitive (A.C.I.) construction functioning as the subject of the impersonal expression "necesse est". "utrique" is a dative ("to each of the two") depending on "deberi" (present passive infinitive). This forms the core of the explanation of how specific stipulations are divided by physical shares, in contrast to the subsequent counterfactual condition.
  3. §45.1.54.1is — Here "is" is an orthographic variant of "iis" (dative plural of the demonstrative pronoun "is, ea, id"), referring to the aforementioned "patroni". The subject of the clause is "operae" (feminine nominative plural) and the verb is "edantur" (3rd person plural present subjunctive passive), meaning "that the services be rendered to them".

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §45.1.54.pr-45.1.54.1. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:45.1.54.pr-45.1.54.1

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