[POMPONIUS libro uicensimo sexto ad Sabinum. ] §45.1.5.prStipulationum aliae iudiciales sunt, aliae praetoriae, aliae conuentionales, aliae communes praetoriae et iudiciales.
[POMPONIUS, in the twenty-sixth book on Sabinus.] Of stipulations, some are judicial, some are praetorian, some are conventional, and some are common, both praetorian and judicial.
iudiciales sunt dumtaxat, quae a mero iudicis officio proficiscuntur, ueluti de dolo cautio: praetoriae, quae a mero praetoris officio proficiscuntur, ueluti damni infecti.
Judicial are only those which proceed from the mere office of the judge, such as security against fraud. Praetorian are those which proceed from the mere office of the praetor, such as that for prospective damage.
praetorias autem stipulationes sic audiri oportet, ut in his contineantur etiam aediliciae: nam et hae ab iurisdictione ueniunt.
Moreover, praetorian stipulations ought to be understood in such a way that they also include those of the aediles; for these too come from jurisdiction.
conuentionales sunt, quae ex conuentione reorum fiunt, quarum totidem genera sunt, quot paene dixerim rerum contrahendarum: nam et ob ipsam uerborum obligationem fiunt et pendent ex negotio contracto.
Conventional are those which are made by the agreement of the parties, of which there are as many kinds as, I might almost say, there are of transactions to be contracted; for they are made both on account of the verbal obligation itself and depend on the transaction contracted.
communes sunt stipulationes ueluti rem saluam fore pupilli: nam et praetor iubet rem saluam fore pupillo caueri et interdum iudex, si aliter expediri haec res non potest: item duplae stipulatio uenit ab iudice aut ab aedilis edicto.
Common stipulations are such as that the property of a pupil shall be safe; for both the praetor orders security to be given that the property of a pupil shall be safe, and sometimes the judge, if this matter cannot otherwise be settled; likewise, the stipulation for double the value comes from the judge or from the edict of the aedile.
§45.1.5.1Stipulatio autem est uerborum conceptio, quibus is qui interrogatur daturum facturumue se quod interrogatus est responderit.
Now a stipulation is a formula of words by which he who is questioned answers that he will give or do what he has been asked.
§45.1.5.2Satis acceptio est stipulatio, quae ita obligat promissorem, ut adpromissores quoque ab eo accipiantur, id est qui idem promittunt.
A secure guarantee is a stipulation which so binds the promisor that additional guarantors are also accepted from him, that is, those who promise the same thing.
§45.1.5.3Satis autem accipere dictum est eodem modo, quo satis facere: nam quia id, quo quis contentus erat, ei praestabatur, satis fieri dictum est: et similiter quia tales, quibus contentus quis futurus esset, ita dabantur, ut uerbis obligarentur, satis accipi dictum est.
Now, 'to receive sufficient security' is so called in the same manner as 'to satisfy'; for because that with which one was content was performed for him, it was said 'to be satisfied'; and similarly, because such persons with whom one would be content were given in such a way that they were bound by words, it was said 'to be received with sufficient security'.
§45.1.5.4Si sortem promiseris et, si ea soluta non esset, poenam: etiamsi unus ex heredibus tuis portionem suam ex sorte soluerit, nihilo minus poenam committet, donec portio coheredis soluatur.
If you have promised a principal sum and, if it should not be paid, a penalty: even if one of your heirs has paid his own share of the principal, he will nonetheless incur the penalty until the share of the co-heir is paid.
§45.1.5.5Idemque est de poena ex compromisso, si unus paruerit, alter non paruerit sententiae iudicis: sed a coherede ei satisfieri debet.
And the same is true of a penalty arising from a compromise, if one has complied with, and another has not complied with, the decision of the arbitrator; but satisfaction must be made to him by his co-heir.
nec enim aliud in his stipulationibus sine iniuria stipulatoris constitui potest.
For nothing else can be established in these stipulations without injury to the stipulator.