[IDEM libro tertio quaestionum. ] §45.1.126.prSi ita stipulatus fuero: 'Si Titius consul factus fuerit, tunc ex hac die in annos singulos dena dare spondes?', post triennium condicione existente triginta peti potuerunt.
[THE SAME, Questions, book 3.] If I stipulate as follows: "If Titius is made consul, do you promise to give ten a year starting from this day?", after three years, when the condition is fulfilled, thirty can be claimed.
§45.1.126.1Titius a Maeuio fundum detracto usu fructu stipulatus est et ab eodem eiusdem fundi usum fructum: duae sunt stipulationes et minus est in eo usu fructu, quem per se quis promisit, quam in eo, qui proprietatem comitatur.
Titius stipulated with Maevius for a tract of land, excluding the usufruct, and from the same person for the usufruct of the same tract of land: there are two stipulations, and there is less in that usufruct which someone has promised by itself than in that which accompanies the ownership.
denique si ille usum fructum dederit eumque stipulator non utendo amiserit, tradendo postea fundum detracto usu fructu liberabitur.
Finally, if the promisor has given the usufruct and the stipulator has lost it by non-use, the promisor will be released by subsequently transferring the tract of land excluding the usufruct.
non idem contingit ei, qui fundum pleno iure promisit et usum fructum dedit, deinde amisso eo proprietatem sine usu fructu tradidit: ille liberatus est dando usum fructum, hic nulla parte obligationis exoneratur, nisi pleno iure fundum effecerit stipulatoris.
The same does not happen to one who has promised a tract of land with full right and has given the usufruct, and then, after it was lost, has transferred the ownership without the usufruct: the former was released by giving the usufruct, while the latter is not discharged from any part of the obligation unless he makes the tract of land the property of the stipulator with full right.
§45.1.126.2'Chrysogonus Flauii Candidi seruus actor scripsit, coram subscribente et adsignante domino meo, accepisse eum a Iulio Zosa, rem agente Iulii Quintilliani absentis, mutua denaria mille.
"Chrysogonus, slave and business agent of Flavius Candidus, has written, in the presence of my master who subscribed and sealed it, that he received from Julius Zosas, acting on behalf of the absent Julius Quintillianus, one thousand denarii as a loan.
quae dari Quintilliano herediue eius, ad quem ea res pertinebit, kalendis Nouembribus, quae proximae sunt futurae, stipulatus est Zosas libertus et rem agens Quintilliani, spopondit Candidus dominus meus.
Which sum Zosas, a freedman and acting on behalf of Quintillianus, stipulated to be given to Quintillianus or to his heir to whom that matter shall belong, on the first of November next, and my master Candidus promised.
sub die supra scripta si satis eo nomine factum non erit, tunc quo post soluetur, usurarum nomine denarios octo praestari stipulatus est Iulius Zosas, spopondit Flauius Candidus dominus meus'. subscripsit dominus.
If on the above-written date sufficient security has not been given in that regard, then for the time thereafter during which payment is delayed, Julius Zosas stipulated that eight denarii should be paid by way of interest, and my master Flavius Candidus promised." The master subscribed.
respondi: per liberam personam, quae neque iuri nostro subiecta est neque bona fide nobis seruit, obligationem nullam adquirere possumus.
I replied: we cannot acquire any obligation through a free person who is neither subject to our power nor serving us in good faith.
plane si liber homo nostro nomine pecuniam daret uel suam uel nostram, ut nobis solueretur, obligatio nobis pecuniae creditae adquireretur: sed quod libertus patrono dari stipulatus est, inutile est, ut nec ad solutionem proficiat adiectio absentis, cui principaliter obligatio quaerebatur.
Clearly, if a free man should give money in our name, either his own or ours, so that it should be paid to us, the obligation of a loan would be acquired by us; but what the freedman stipulated to be given to his patron is useless, so that even the addition of the absent person, for whom the obligation was principally sought, does not avail for payment.
superest quaeramus, an ex numeratione ipse qui contraxit pecuniam creditam petere possit: nam quotiens pecuniam mutuam dantes eandem stipulamur, non duae obligationes nascuntur, sed una uerborum.
It remains to ask whether the one who contracted can himself claim the loan on the basis of the delivery of the money; for as often as we give money as a loan and stipulate for the same, not two obligations arise, but one verbal obligation.
plane si praecedat numeratio, sequatur stipulatio, non est dicendum recessum a naturali obligatione.
Clearly, if the delivery of the money precedes, and the stipulation follows, it must not be said that there is a departure from the natural obligation.
sequens stipulatio, in qua sine adiectione nominis usuras stipulatus est, non eodem uitio laborat (neque enim maligne accipiendum est eidem stipulatum usuras, cui et sortem, uideri), ideoque in liberti persona ualet stipulatio usurarum et cogitur eam patrono cedere.
The subsequent stipulation, in which he stipulated for interest without the addition of a name, does not suffer from the same defect (for it is not to be maliciously interpreted that he is seen to have stipulated for interest to the same person to whom he also stipulated for the principal), and therefore the stipulation for interest is valid in the person of the freedman, and he is compelled to assign it to his patron.
plerumque enim in stipulationibus uerba, ex quibus obligatio oritur, inspicienda sunt: raro inesse tempus uel condicionem ex eo, quod apparebit, intellegendum est: numquam personam, nisi expressa sit.
For generally in stipulations, the words from which the obligation arises must be looked at; it is rarely to be understood that a time or a condition is implied from what appears; never a person, unless explicitly stated.
§45.1.126.3Si ita stipulatus fuero te sisti et, nisi steteris, aliquid dari, quod promittenti impossibile est: detracta secunda stipulatione prior manet utilis et perinde erit, ac si te sisti stipulatus essem.
If I stipulate that you be produced in court, and that if you do not appear, something be given which is impossible for the promisor to perform: the second stipulation being disregarded, the first remains valid, and it will be just as if I had stipulated only that you be produced.