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Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §44.7.37.pr-44.7.37.1

Scope of the Term Action and Examples of Mixed Actions

Passage 7322 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

Ulpian explains that the term "action" encompasses various types of actions, praetorian stipulations, and interdicts, and further provides examples of mixed actions in which both parties act as plaintiffs.

[IDEM libro quarto ad edictum praetoris. ] §44.7.37.prActionis uerbo continetur in rem, in personam: directa, utilis: praeiudicium, sicut ait Pomponius: stipulationes etiam, quae praetoriae sunt, quia actionum instar obtinent, ut damni infecti, legatorum et si quae similes sunt.
[THE SAME, from his fourth book on the Edict of the Praetor.] Under the term "action" are included actions in rem and in personam, direct and utilis actions, and, as Pomponius says, prejudicial actions; also praetorian stipulations, because they hold the place of actions, such as that for threatened damage, for legacies, and any others of a similar nature.
interdicta quoque actionis uerbo continentur.
Interdicts also are included under the term "action".
§44.7.37.1Mixtae sunt actiones, in quibus uterque actor est, ut puta finium regundorum, familiae erciscundae, communi diuidundo, interdictum uti possidetis, utrubi.
Mixed actions are those in which each party is plaintiff, as, for example, the action for regulating boundaries, for partitioning an inheritance, for dividing common property, and the interdicts uti possidetis and utrubi.

Notes

  1. §44.7.37.prActionis uerbo continetur — The singular passive verb continetur has as its logical subjects a series of noun phrases starting with [actio] in rem, [actio] in personam, as well as praeiudicium and stipulationes later in the sentence. Grammatically, the verb agrees with the first implied singular subject (actio) or serves as a general introductory singular verb for the list.
  2. §44.7.37.practionum instar obtinent — The indeclinable noun instar, which takes a genitive and means "the likeness of" or "equivalent to", functions here as the direct object (accusative) of obtinent. actionum is the genitive dependent on instar.
  3. §44.7.37.1finium regundorum, familiae erciscundae, communi diuidundo — Names of specific actions (actiones) in Roman law with the word actio omitted. They employ the gerundive attraction construction: finium regundorum and familiae erciscundae are in the genitive (modifying the omitted actio), while communi diuidundo is in the dative (dative of purpose or associated dative).

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §44.7.37.pr-44.7.37.1. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:44.7.37.pr-44.7.37.1

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