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Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §43.1.1.pr-43.1.1.4

Scope of Property for Interdicts and Their Classes

Passage 7028 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

This fragment systemizes the types of property (divine, human, public, and private) to which interdicts are applicable and outlines their basic classes (exhibitory, prohibitory, restitutory) and in personam nature.

[ULPIANUS libro sexagensimo septimo ad edictum. ] §43.1.1.prUideamus, de quibus rebus interdicta competunt.
[ULPIANUS, on the Edict, book sixty-seven.] Let us see in respect of what things interdicts are available.
et sciendum est interdicta aut de diuinis rebus aut de humanis competere.
And it must be known that interdicts are available either concerning divine things or concerning human things.
diuinis, ut de locis sacris uel de locis religiosis.
Concerning divine things, such as concerning sacred places or religious places.
de rebus hominum interdicta redduntur aut de his, quae sunt alicuius, aut de his, quae nullius sunt.
Concerning human things, interdicts are granted either concerning those things which belong to someone, or concerning those which belong to no one.
quae sunt nullius, haec sunt: liberae personae, de quibus exhibendis ducendis interdicta competunt.
Those which belong to no one are these: free persons, in respect of exhibiting or leading whom interdicts are available.
quae sunt alicuius, haec sunt aut publica aut singulorum.
Those which belong to some person are either public or private.
publica: de locis publicis, de uiis deque fluminibus publicis.
Public ones are: concerning public places, public roads, and public rivers.
quae autem singulorum sunt, aut ad uniuersitatem pertinent, ut interdictum quorum bonorum, aut ad singulas res, ut est interdictum uti possidetis, de itinere actuque.
On the other hand, those which belong to individuals either pertain to an entirety of estate, such as the interdict "quorum bonorum," or to individual things, such as the interdict "uti possidetis," or concerning passage and driving.
§43.1.1.1Interdictorum autem tres species sunt, exhibitoria prohibitoria restitutoria: sunt tamen quaedam interdicta et mixta, quae et prohibitoria sunt et exhibitoria.
Moreover, there are three classes of interdicts: exhibitory, prohibitory, and restitutory; there are, however, some interdicts that are mixed, which are both prohibitory and exhibitory.
§43.1.1.2Interdictorum quaedam in praesens, quaedam in praeteritum referuntur: in praesens, ut uti possidetis: in praeteritum, ut de itinere actuque, de aqua aestiua.
Some interdicts refer to the present, some to the past: to the present, such as "uti possidetis"; to the past, such as concerning passage and driving, or concerning summer water.
§43.1.1.3Interdicta omnia licet in rem uideantur concepta, ui tamen ipsa personalia sunt.
Although all interdicts may seem to be framed in rem, yet in their actual force they are in personam.
§43.1.1.4Interdictorum quaedam annalia sunt, quaedam perpetua.
Some interdicts are annual, some are perpetual.

Notes

  1. 43.1.1.prde quibus exhibendis ducendis — A gerundive construction where the relative pronoun `quibus` agrees with the gerundives `exhibendis` and `ducendis`, governed by the preposition `de`, meaning "concerning exhibiting or leading whom." This shows that free persons, although classified under "belonging to no one," can still be the subject of interdicts requiring their production or escort.
  2. 43.1.1.3licet in rem uideantur concepta — The concessive conjunction `licet` takes the subjunctive `uideantur` to introduce a concessive clause: "although they may seem to be framed in rem." `concepta` is the nominative neuter plural of the perfect passive participle of `concipere` (to frame, formulate), agreeing with the subject `interdicta`.
  3. 43.1.1.3ui tamen ipsa personalia sunt — `ui` is the ablative singular of `uīs` (force, substance), agreeing with the feminine ablative singular pronoun `ipsa` used adjectivally, meaning "yet in their actual force (substantively)." It indicates that although interdicts may appear in rem in form, they are in personam (personalia) in substance because they command a specific person to act or refrain from acting.

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §43.1.1.pr-43.1.1.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:43.1.1.pr-43.1.1.4

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