[PAULUS libro quinquagensimo quarto ad edictum. ] §41.2.3.10Si seruus, quem possidebam, pro libero se gerat, ut fecit Spartacus, et iudicium liberale pati paratus sit, non uidebitur a domino possideri, cui se aduersarium praeparat.
If a slave whom I was possessing should behave as a free man, as Spartacus did, and be ready to undergo a trial of freedom, he will not be seen to be possessed by his master, against whom he prepares himself as an adversary.
sed hoc ita uerum est, si diu in libertate moratur: alioquin si ex possessione seruitutis in libertatem reclamauerit et liberale iudicium implorauerit, nihilo minus in possessione mea est et animo eum possideo, donec liber fuerit pronuntiatus.
But this is true only if he remains in freedom for a long time; otherwise, if he should claim his freedom from the possession of servitude and implore a trial of freedom, he is nonetheless in my possession and I possess him by mind until he has been declared free.
§41.2.3.11Saltus hibernos aestiuosque animo possidemus, quamuis certis temporibus eos relinquamus.
We possess winter and summer pastures by mind, although we leave them at certain times.
§41.2.3.12Ceterum animo nostro, corpore etiam alieno possidemus, sicut diximus per colonum et seruum, nec mouere nos debet, quod quasdam etiam ignorantes possidemus, id est quas serui peculiariter parauerunt: nam uidemur eas eorundem et animo et corpore possidere.
Furthermore, we possess by our own mind and also by another's body, just as we said we do through a tenant and a slave; nor should it disturb us that we possess certain things even when ignorant of them, that is, those which slaves have acquired as their peculium; for we are seen to possess them by both the mind and the body of those same slaves.
§41.2.3.13Nerua filius res mobiles excepto homine, quatenus sub custodia nostra sint, hactenus possideri, id est quatenus, si uelimus, naturalem possessionem nancisci possimus.
Nerva the son thinks that movable things, except for a slave, are possessed only so far as they are under our custody, that is, so far as we can, if we wish, obtain natural possession.
nam pecus simul atque aberrauerit aut uas ita exciderit, ut non inueniatur, protinus desinere a nobis possideri, licet a nullo possideatur: dissimiliter atque si sub custodia mea sit nec inueniatur, quia praesentia eius sit et tantum cessat interim diligens inquisitio.
For as soon as a beast has strayed or a vessel has fallen in such a way that it cannot be found, it immediately ceases to be possessed by us, although it is possessed by no one; which is different from when it is under my custody but cannot be found, because its presence remains and only diligent search is in the meantime suspended.
§41.2.3.14Item feras bestias, quas uiuariis incluserimus, et pisces, quos in piscinas coiecerimus, a nobis possideri.
Likewise, wild beasts which we have shut up in preserves, and fish which we have thrown into fishponds, are possessed by us.
sed eos pisces, qui in stagno sint, aut feras, quae in siluis circumseptis uagantur, a nobis non possideri, quoniam relictae sint in libertate naturali: alioquin etiam si quis siluam emerit, uideri eum omnes feras possidere, quod falsum est.
But those fish which are in a pool, or wild beasts which roam in fenced woods, are not possessed by us, since they are left in their natural liberty; otherwise, even if someone should buy a wood, he would be seen to possess all the wild beasts, which is false.
§41.2.3.15Aues autem possidemus, quas inclusas habemus, aut si quae mansuetae factae custodiae nostrae subiectae sunt.
But we possess birds which we keep shut up, or those which have been tamed and subjected to our custody.
§41.2.3.16Quidam recte putant columbas quoque, quae ab aedificiis nostris uolant, item apes, quae ex alueis nostris euolant et secundum consuetudinem redeunt, a nobis possideri.
Some rightly think that pigeons also which fly from our buildings, and likewise bees which fly out of our hives and return according to custom, are possessed by us.
§41.2.3.17Labeo et Nerua filius responderunt desinere me possidere eum locum, quem flumen aut mare occupauerit.
Labeo and Nerva the son answered that I cease to possess that place which a river or the sea has occupied.
§41.2.3.18Si rem apud te depositam furti faciendi causa contrectaueris, desino possidere.
If you should handle a thing deposited with you for the purpose of committing theft, I cease to possess it.
sed si eam loco non moueris et infitiandi animum habeas, plerique ueterum et Sabinus et Cassius recte responderunt possessorem me manere, quia furtum sine contrectatione fieri non potest nec animo furtum admittatur.
But if you have not moved it from its place and have the intention of denying it, most of the ancient jurists and Sabinus and Cassius rightly answered that I remain the possessor, because theft cannot be committed without handling, nor is theft committed by mind alone.
§41.2.3.19Illud quoque a ueteribus praeceptum est neminem sibi ipsum causam possessionis mutare posse.
This also was laid down by the ancients, that no one can change the cause of possession for himself.
§41.2.3.20Sed si is, qui apud me deposuit uel commodauit, eam rem uendiderit mihi uel donauerit, non uidebor causam possessionis mihi mutare, qui ne possidebam quidem.
But if he who deposited or lent a thing to me should sell or donate that thing to me, I shall not be seen to change the cause of possession for himself, since I indeed did not even possess it.
§41.2.3.21Genera possessionum tot sunt, quot et causae adquirendi eius quod nostrum non sit, uelut pro emptore: pro donato: pro legato: pro dote: pro herede: pro noxae dedito: pro suo, sicut in his, quae terra marique uel ex hostibus capimus uel quae ipsi, ut in rerum natura essent, fecimus.
There are as many genera of possession as there are causes of acquiring that which is not ours, such as: as purchaser, as gift, as legacy, as dowry, as heir, as surrendered for damage, as one's own, just as in those things which we capture on land and sea or from enemies, or which we ourselves have made so that they might exist in the nature of things.
et in summa magis unum genus est possidendi, species infinitae.
And in short, there is rather one genus of possessing, but infinite species.
§41.2.3.22Uel etiam potest diuidi possessionis genus in duas species, ut possideatur aut bona fide aut non bona fide.
Or indeed the genus of possession can be divided into two species, so that it is possessed either in good faith or not in good faith.
§41.2.3.23Quod autem Quintus Mucius inter genera possessionum posuit, si quando iussu magistratus rei seruandae causa possidemus, ineptissimum est: nam qui creditorem rei seruandae causa uel quia damni infecti non caueatur, mittit in possessionem uel uentris nomine, non possessionem, sed custodiam rerum et obseruationem concedit: et ideo, cum damni infecti non cauente uicino in possessionem missi sumus, si id longo tempore fiat, etiam possidere nobis et per longam possessionem capere praetor causa cognita permittit.
But what Quintus Mucius placed among the genera of possession—if ever we possess by order of a magistrate for the purpose of preserving property—is extremely inappropriate; for he who sends a creditor into possession for the purpose of preserving property, or because security for threatened damage is not given, or on account of the unborn child, grants not possession but the custody and observation of things. And therefore, when we have been sent into possession because a neighbor does not give security for threatened damage, if this should happen for a long time, the praetor, after investigating the cause, permits us both to possess and to acquire by long possession.