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Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §40.9.11.pr-40.9.11.1

Manumissions in Fraud of Municipalities or the Fiscus

Passage 6533 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

Explains that manumissions in fraud of municipalities or the fiscus are void, but a debtor to the fiscus is barred from manumitting only if he was insolvent and acted with intent to defraud, as rescribed by the deified brothers.

[MARCIANUS libro tertio decimo institutionum. ] §40.9.11.prIn fraudem ciuitatium manumissi ad libertatem non ueniunt, ut senatus censuit.
[MARCIANUS, from the thirteenth book of Institutes.] Those who are manumitted in fraud of municipalities do not attain freedom, as the senate decreed.
§40.9.11.1Sed nec in fraudem fisci datas libertates procedere principalibus constitutionibus cauetur.
But it is also provided by imperial constitutions that freedoms granted in fraud of the fiscus do not take effect.
sed diui fratres rescripserunt, non utique, si debitor fisci manumiserit, libertates impediuntur, sed ita, si, cum non erat soluendo, in fraudem manumisit.
However, the deified brothers rescribed that freedoms are not automatically barred if a debtor to the fiscus has manumitted, but only if, when he was insolvent, he manumitted with intent to defraud.

Notes

  1. 40.9.11.prciuitatium — Genitive plural of civitas. Here it refers to local municipal communities (municipia or coloniae) rather than the Roman state itself.
  2. 40.9.11.1diui fratres — The "deified brothers" is a standard term in juristic literature referring to the co-emperors Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (r. 161–180) and Lucius Verus (r. 161–169).
  3. 40.9.11.1non utique... sed ita, si... — Indicates a restrictive qualification: "not absolutely... but only if...". The verb impediuntur (are barred) is understood as omitted in the latter si-clause.

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §40.9.11.pr-40.9.11.1. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:40.9.11.pr-40.9.11.1

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