[ULPIANUS libro undecimo ad edictum. ] §4.2.14.7Quadruplatur autem id quanti ea res erit, id est cum fructibus et omni causa.
[ULPIANUS, on the Edict, Book XI.] Moreover, what is quadrupled is the value of the thing, that is, together with its fruits and all accessories (omnis causa).
§4.2.14.8Si quis per uim sisti promittendo postea fideiussorem adhibuerat, is quoque liberatur.
If anyone, having promised under duress to appear in court, subsequently provided a guarantor, that guarantor is also released.
§4.2.14.9Sed et si quis per uim stipulatus, cum acceptum non faceret, fuerit in quadruplum condemnatus, ex stipulatu eum agentem aduersus exceptionem replicatione adiuuari Iulianus putat, cum in quadruplo et simplum sit reus consecutus.
But also, if anyone who had exacted a stipulation under duress, since he did not make a release, has been condemned in fourfold, Julian thinks that when he sues on the stipulation, he is aided by a replication against the exception, since in the fourfold the defendant (the victim of duress) has also obtained the single value.
Labeo autem etiam post quadrupli actionem nihilo minus exceptione summouendum eum, qui uim intulit, dicebat: quod cum durum uidebatur, ita temperandum est, ut tam tripli condemnatione plectatur, quam acceptilationem omnimodo facere compellatur.
Labeo, however, used to say that even after the action for fourfold, the person who applied duress should nevertheless be barred by the exception; since this seemed harsh, it must be so tempered that he is punished with condemnation in threefold, and is also compelled in every way to make a formal release (acceptilatio).
§4.2.14.10Quatenus autem diximus quadruplo simplum inesse, sic hoc disponendum est, ut in condemnatione quadrupli res quidem omnimodo contineatur et eius restitutio fiat, poenae autem usque ad triplum stetur.
Moreover, so far as we have said that the single value is included in the fourfold, this must be so arranged that in the condemnation of fourfold the thing indeed is included in every way and its restoration is made, but as for the penalty, it remains at threefold.
§4.2.14.11Quid si homo sine dolo malo et culpa eius, qui uim intulit et condemnatus est, periit? in hoc casu a rei condemnatione ideo relaxabitur, si intra tempora iudicati actionis moriatur, quia tripli poena propter facinus satisfacere cogitur.
What if a slave has died without the malicious intent or fault of the person who applied duress and was condemned? In this case, he will be released from the condemnation of the thing if the slave dies within the period for the action on the judgment, because he is compelled to satisfy the threefold penalty on account of his misdeed.
pro eo autem, qui in fuga esse dicitur, cautio ab eo extorquenda est, quatenus et persequatur et omnimodo eum restituat: et nihilominus in rem uel ad exhibendum uel si qua alia ei competit actio ad eum recipiendum integra ei qui uim passus est seruabitur, ita ut, si dominus eum quoquo modo receperit, is qui ex stipulatione conuenitur exceptione tutus fiat.
As for a slave who is said to be in flight, however, security must be exacted from him to the effect that he will both pursue and by all means restore him; and nevertheless, the action in rem, or for production (ad exhibendum), or any other action that belongs to him for recovering the slave, shall be preserved intact for the person who suffered duress, so that if the owner recovers him in any way, the person sued under the stipulation shall be protected by an exception.
haec si post condemnationem: si autem ante sententiam homo sine dolo malo et culpa mortuus fuerit, tenebitur, et hoc fit his uerbis edicti 'neque ea res arbitrio iudicis restituetur'.
This applies if it happens after condemnation; but if the slave dies before judgment without malicious intent and fault, the defendant will be held, and this occurs by these words of the edict: 'and that thing is not restored by the arbitrament of the judge'.
ergo si in fuga sit seruus sine dolo malo et culpa eius cum quo agetur, cauendum est per iudicem, ut eum seruum persecutus reddat.
Therefore, if a slave is in flight without the malicious intent and fault of the person against whom the action is brought, security must be provided through the judge that he, having pursued the slave, will return him.
sed et si non culpa ab eo quocum agitur aberit, si tamen peritura res non fuit, si metum non adhibuisset, tenebitur reus: sicut in interdicto unde ui uel quod ui aut clam obseruatur.
But also, even if the slave is absent without the fault of the person against whom the action is brought, yet if the thing would not have perished if he had not applied duress, the defendant will be held; just as is observed in the interdict 'unde ui' or 'quod ui aut clam'.
itaque interdum hominis mortui pretium recipit, qui eum uenditurus fuit, si uim passus non esset.
Thus, sometimes a person who would have sold the slave if he had not suffered duress receives the price of the deceased slave.
§4.2.14.12Qui uim intulit, cum possessionem a me sit consecutus, fur non est: quamuis qui rapuit, fur improbior esse uideatur, ut Iuliano placet.
He who applied duress, although he has obtained possession from me, is not a thief; even though he who plundered seems to be a more wicked thief, as Julian is pleased to hold.
§4.2.14.13Eum qui metum fecit et de dolo teneri certum est, et ita Pomponius, et consumi alteram actionem per alteram exceptione in factum opposita.
It is certain that he who caused duress is also held for fraud (dolus), and so Pomponius says, and that one of the actions is consumed by the other through the interposition of an exception on the facts.
§4.2.14.14Iulianus ait quod interest quadruplari solum, et ideo eum, qui ex causa fideicommissi quadraginta debebat, si trecenta promiserit per uim et soluerit, ducentorum sexaginta quadruplum consecuturum: in his enim cum effectu uim passus est.
Julian says that only the interest (quod interest) is quadrupled, and therefore he who owed forty on account of a trust (fideicommissum), if he promised three hundred under duress and paid it, will obtain fourfold of two hundred and sixty; for it is in respect of this amount that he effectively suffered duress.
§4.2.14.15Secundum haec si plures metum adhibuerint et unus fuerit conuentus, si quidem sponte rem ante sententiam restituerit, omnes liberati sunt: sed etsi id non fecerit, sed ex sententia quadruplum restituerit, uerius est etiam sic peremi aduersus ceteros metus causa actionem.
According to these rules, if several persons applied duress and one of them was sued, if indeed he voluntarily restored the thing before judgment, all are released; but even if he did not do so, but restored the fourfold according to the judgment, it is more correct that even so the action on the ground of duress against the others is extinguished.