Humanitext Reader

Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §38.1.39.pr-38.1.39.1

Validity and Fiction of Penalty Stipulations for Services

Passage 5924 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

Discusses the validity of a stipulation where a penalty is promised instead of services, arguing with the praetor that only the services should be deemed promised to protect the patron's rights, and states that it is unfair for the freedman to limit his liability to the specified penalty.

[PAULUS libro septimo ad Plautium. ] §38.1.39.prSi ita stipulatio a patrono facta sit: 'si decem dierum operas non dederis, uiginti nummos dare spondes'? uidendum est, an nec uiginti actio danda sit, quasi onerandae libertatis gratia promissi sint, nec operarum, quae promissae non sint? an uero operae dumtaxat promissae fingi debeant, ne patronus omnimodo excludatur? et hoc praetor quoque sentit operas dumtaxat promissas. §38.1.39.1Sequens illa quaestio est, an libertus impetrare debeat, ne maioris summae quam uiginti condemnetur, quia uidetur quodammodo patronus tanti operas aestimasse ideoque non deberet egredi taxationem uiginti.
[PAULUS, in his seventh book on Plautius.]If a stipulation has been made by a patron in this way: 'If you do not perform ten days' services, do you promise to pay twenty coins?' we must consider whether neither an action for the twenty coins should be granted, as if they were promised for the sake of burdening his freedom, nor an action for the services, which were not promised; or whether indeed only the services should be deemed to have been promised, lest the patron be excluded in every way. And the praetor also holds this view, that only the services were promised.The next question is whether the freedman should obtain that he be not condemned to a greater sum than twenty, because the patron seems in a way to have valued the services at that amount, and therefore the valuation of twenty should not be exceeded.
sed iniquum est nec oportet liberto hoc indulgere, quia non debet ex parte obligationem comprobare, ex parte tamquam de iniqua queri.
But this is unfair, and one ought not to grant this to the freedman, because he ought not in part to approve the obligation, and in part complain of it as if it were unfair.

Notes

  1. 38.1.39.pronerandae libertatis gratia — The genitive of the gerundive structure depends on the postpositive preposition "gratia," expressing purpose ("for the purpose of burdening his freedom").
  2. 38.1.39.prsentit operas dumtaxat promissas — An accusative with infinitive clause (operas ... promissas [esse]) is subordinate to the verb "sentit," standing in apposition to the preceding pronoun "hoc."
  3. 38.1.39.1tanti — A genitive of value used with the verb "aestimasse" (syncopated form of aestimavisse) to mean "to value at such an amount."

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §38.1.39.pr-38.1.39.1. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:38.1.39.pr-38.1.39.1

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.