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Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §35.1.44.pr-35.1.44.10

Fulfillment of Giving Conditions and Recipients of Payment

Passage 5375 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

Discusses the methods of fulfilling giving conditions in legacies and inheritances under various scenarios, specifically focusing on payments to third-party slaves, conditionally freed slaves, and co-heirs.

[IDEM libro nono ad Plautium. ] §35.1.44.prQui heredi dare iussus est, seruo alieno instituto non domino dare debet.
[The same in the ninth book on Plautius.] He who is ordered to give to the heir, if a slave belonging to another is appointed heir, ought to give to the slave, not to the master.
nam et si alio herede instituto iussus est seruo Titii dare, ipsi seruo datur, quia quae facti sunt, non transeunt ad dominum, quemadmodum, si mihi aut seruo Titii stipulatus sim, non Titio, sed seruo eius dari potest: et haec uera sunt.
For even if, another being appointed heir, he is ordered to give to the slave of Titius, it is given to the slave himself, because things which are of fact do not pass to the master, just as, if I have stipulated for myself or for the slave of Titius, it can be given not to Titius, but to his slave: and these things are true.
§35.1.44.1Sed cum heredi dare iussus est, uideamus, ne domino dandum sit: et consequens est et hic seruo dari.
But when one is ordered to give to the heir, let us consider whether it should be given to the master: and it is a logical consequence that here too it is given to the slave.
§35.1.44.2Certe statuliber quin domino dare debeat, non est dubium.
Certainly, there is no doubt that a conditionally freed slave (statuliber) must give to the master.
§35.1.44.3Contra qui domino debet dare, non implet condicionem dando seruo eius, nisi si dominus consenserit: nemo enim in tali specie condicionem nesciente me uel nolente implere potest.
On the other hand, he who must give to the master does not fulfill the condition by giving to his slave, unless the master consents: for no one, in such a case, can fulfill the condition without my knowledge or against my will.
§35.1.44.4Cum hereditas ex Trebelliano senatus consulto restituta est, heredi dandum est, ut impleatur condicio: nec hoc restituendum est ex causa fideicommissi.
When an inheritance is restored under the Trebellian senatusconsult, it must be given to the heir so that the condition may be fulfilled: nor must this be restored on account of the trust.
§35.1.44.5Sed cum suspectam adiit et restituit, dubitabatur, an ei auferendum sit: et benignius est et in hoc casu nihil ei auferri.
But when he entered upon it as suspect (insolvent) and restored it, it was doubted whether it should be taken away from him: and it is more favorable that in this case too nothing is taken away from him.
§35.1.44.6Si autem me herede instituto controuersia mihi fiet hereditatis, si cauet legatarius euicta hereditate reddi legatum, et ipsi cauendum est reddi quod dedit.
But if, I being appointed heir, a dispute arises against me concerning the inheritance, if the legatee provides security that the legacy will be returned if the inheritance is evicted, security must also be provided to him that what he gave will be returned.
§35.1.44.7Sed si iussus sis mihi decem dare et accipere hereditatem ex senatus consulto, decem tibi ex causa fideicommissi non restituam.
But if you are ordered to give me ten and to receive the inheritance under the senatusconsult, I will not restore the ten to you on account of the trust.
§35.1.44.8Si duorum seruo legatum sit sub condicione dandi, non posse per partes condicioni pareri quidam aiunt, sed semel dandam pecuniam: sed ego contra puto.
If a legacy is left to the slave of two persons under the condition of giving, some say that the condition cannot be complied with in parts, but that the money must be given all at once: but I think the contrary.
§35.1.44.9Si pars rei legatae usucapta sit, an in solidum parendum sit, dubito.
If a part of the legacy has been acquired by usucapion, I doubt whether the condition must be complied with in full.
et potest dici pro parte parendum ex sententia testatoris.
And it can be said that it should be complied with in part, according to the intention of the testator.
§35.1.44.10PLAUTIUS. Uni ex heredibus fundum legaui, si centum heredibus dedisset: deducet suam partem hereditariam et reliquam summam heredibus pro portione eorum dabit.
PLAUTIUS. I bequeathed a tract of land to one of the heirs, on the condition that he gave one hundred to the heirs: he will deduct his own hereditary portion and give the remaining sum to the heirs in proportion to their shares.
at si heres ex parte ita institutus esset, si heredibus decem dedisset, non aliter esset heres, quam si tota decem coheredibus dedisset, quia non ante ad hereditatem admitteretur, quam si omnem summam dedisset.
But if a partial heir had been appointed on the condition that he gave ten to the heirs, he would not become heir otherwise than if he had given the whole ten to his co-heirs, because he would not be admitted to the inheritance before he had given the entire sum.
nam cum et seruus testamento liber et ex parte heres ita scriptus esset, si heredibus decem dedisset, constitit non aliter eum liberum heredemque futurum, quam si tota decem coheredibus dedisset.
For since a slave was written in a will as both free and a partial heir on the condition that he gave ten to the heirs, it is settled that he would not become free and heir otherwise than if he had given the whole ten to the co-heirs.
PAULUS: hoc iure utimur.
PAULUS: This is the law we practice.

Notes

  1. §35.1.44.prquae facti sunt — Refers to "things of fact" (physical acts such as the physical delivery of money) rather than legal transactions transferring rights. Although a slave lacks legal capacity, he can physically receive items; hence, the delivery must be made directly to the slave, not the master.
  2. §35.1.44.3nesciente me uel nolente — An ablative absolute. The pronoun "me" refers to the master of the slave in this context. It explains the principle that no one can fulfill a condition (established in favor of the master) by giving to his slave without the master's knowledge or against his will.
  3. §35.1.44.10deducet suam partem — Refers to the mathematical adjustment when one co-heir is bequeathed land on the condition of "giving 100 to the heirs." Since paying to himself is legally ineffective (akin to merger), he is allowed to deduct (deducere) the portion corresponding to his own share of the inheritance and distribute only the remainder to the other co-heirs.

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §35.1.44.pr-35.1.44.10. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:35.1.44.pr-35.1.44.10

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