[ULPIANUS libro trigesimo quinto ad edictum. ] §27.9.5.prmagis puto ex sententia orationis impediri alienationem.
[ULPIANUS, in the thirty-fifth book on the Edict.] I rather think that under the meaning of the Speech the alienation is prevented.
§27.9.5.1Sed et si salinas habeat pupillus, idem erit dicendum.
But even if the ward has salt-works, the same must be said.
§27.9.5.2Si pupillus alienum fundum bona fide emptum possideat, dicendum puto ne hunc alienare tutores posse: ea enim, quae quasi pupillaris uero distractus est, uenditio ualet.
If a ward possesses another's land bought in good faith, I think it must be said that the tutors cannot alienate this; for that sale is valid, which, as if it were the ward's, was in truth sold when it belonged to another.
§27.9.5.3Si fundus pupillo pigneratus sit, an uendere tutores? hunc enim quasi debitoris, hoc est alienum uendunt.
If land has been pledged to a ward, can the tutors sell it? For they sell this as if it belonged to the debtor, that is, as another's.
si tamen impetrauerat pupillus uel pater eius, ut iure dominii possideant, consequens erit dicere non posse distrahi quasi praedium pupillare.
If, however, the ward or his father had obtained that they should possess it by right of ownership, it will follow that it must be said that it cannot be sold, just like a ward's estate.
idemque et si fuerit ex causa damni infecti iussus possidere.
And the same applies if he has been ordered to possess on account of threatened damage.
§27.9.5.4Si fundus legatus uel per fideicommissum fuerit relictus Seio a pupillo herede instituto, an tutores restituere hunc fundum possint sine auctoritate praetoris? et putem, si quidem rem suam legauit, cessare orationem, sin uero de re pupilli, dicendum erit locum esse orationi nec inconsulto praetore posse alienare.
If a land has been bequeathed or left through a trust to Seius by a ward who has been instituted heir, can the tutors restore this land without the authority of the praetor? And I should think that, if indeed the testator bequeathed his own property, the Speech does not apply; but if it is concerning the property of the ward, it must be said that there is room for the Speech, and they cannot alienate it without consulting the praetor.
§27.9.5.5Si pupillus stipulanti spoponderit, an soluere possit sine praetoris auctoritate? et magis est, ne possit: alioquin inuenta erit alienandi ratio.
If a ward has promised to a stipulator, can he perform without the authority of the praetor? And it is more reasonable that he cannot; otherwise a method of alienating will have been found.
§27.9.5.6Sed si pater stipulanti fundum spoponderit successeritque pupillus in stipulatum, fortius dicetur sine praetoris auctoritate posse eum reddere.
But if the father had promised land to a stipulator and the ward succeeded to the obligation, it will be said with greater force that he can deliver it without the authority of the praetor.
idemque et si iure hereditario alii successerit, qui erat obligatus.
And the same applies if he has succeeded by hereditary right to another who was obligated.
§27.9.5.7Eadem ratione et si parens fundum uendidit uel quis alius, cui pupillus successerit, potest dici pupillum cetera uenditionis inconsulto praetore posse perficere.
By the same reasoning, even if a parent or someone else to whom the ward succeeded sold a land, it can be said that the ward can complete the rest of the sale without consulting the praetor.
§27.9.5.8Fundum autem legatum repudiare pupillus sine praetoris auctoritate non potest: esse enim et hanc alienationem, cum res sit pupilli, nemo dubitat.
Moreover, a ward cannot repudiate a bequeathed land without the authority of the praetor; for no one doubts that this too is an alienation, since the thing belongs to the ward.
§27.9.5.9Non passim tutoribus sub optentu aeris alieni permitti debuit uenditio: namque non esse uiam eis distractionis tributam.
The sale ought not to be permitted to tutors indiscriminately under the pretext of debt; for a way of sale has not been granted to them freely.
et ideo praetori arbitrium huius rei senatus dedit, cuius officio in primis hoc conuenit excutere, an aliunde possit pecunia ad extenuandum aes alienum expediri.
And therefore the senate gave the decision on this matter to the praetor, whose duty it is above all to investigate whether money can be procured from elsewhere to reduce the debt.
quaerere ergo debet, an pecuniam pupillus habeat uel in numerato uel in nominibus, quae conueniri possunt, uel in fructibus conditis uel etiam in redituum spe atque obuentionum.
He must therefore inquire whether the ward has money, either in cash, or in claims that can be collected, or in stored fruits, or even in the expectation of revenues and windfalls.
item requirat, num aliae res sint praeter praedia, quae distrahi possint, ex quarum pretio aeri alieno satisfieri possit.
Likewise, he should inquire whether there are other things besides land that can be sold, from the price of which the debt can be satisfied.
si igitur deprehenderit non posse aliunde exsolui quam ex praediorum distractione, tunc permittet distrahi, si modo urgueat creditor aut usurarum modus parendum aeri alieno suadeat.
If, therefore, he finds that payment cannot be made from elsewhere than from the sale of lands, then he shall permit the sale, provided that a creditor is pressing or the rate of interest advises compliance with the debt.
§27.9.5.10Idem praetor aestimare debebit, utrum uendere potius an obligare permittat nec non illud uigilanter obseruare, ne plus accipiatur sub obligatione praediorum faenoris, quam quod opus sit ad soluendum aes alienum: aut distrahendum arbitrabitur, ne propter modicum aes alienum magna possessio distrahatur, sed si sit alia possessio minor uel minus utilior pupillo, magis eam iubere distrahi quam maiorem et utiliorem.
The same praetor will have to consider whether he should permit selling rather than pledging, and also vigilantly observe that no more is taken under the obligation of the lands as interest than what is necessary to pay the debt; or he will judge that a sale should be made, lest on account of a small debt a large possession be sold; but if there is another possession which is smaller or less useful to the ward, he should order that to be sold rather than a larger and more useful one.
§27.9.5.11In primis igitur quotiens desideratur ab eo, ut remittat distrahi, requirere debet eum, qui se instruat de fortunis pupilli, nec nimium tutoribus uel curatoribus credere, qui nonnumquam lucri sui gratia adseuerare praetori solent necesse esse distrahi possessiones uel obligari.
First of all, therefore, whenever it is requested of him to allow a sale, he must seek out someone to inform him about the fortunes of the ward, and not trust too much in the tutors or curators, who sometimes, for the sake of their own gain, are accustomed to assert to the praetor that it is necessary for possessions to be sold or pledged.
requirat ergo necessarios pupilli uel parentes uel libertos aliquos fideles uel quem alium, qui notitiam rerum pupillarium habet, aut, si nemo inueniatur aut suspecti sint qui inueniuntur, iubere debet edi rationes itemque synopsin bonorum pupillarium, aduocatumque pupillo dare, qui instruere possit praetoris religionem, an adsentire uenditioni uel obligationi debeat.
He should therefore seek out the relatives of the ward, or parents, or some faithful freedmen, or anyone else who has knowledge of the ward's affairs; or, if no one is found, or those who are found are suspected, he must order the accounts and also a synopsis of the ward's goods to be produced, and give an advocate to the ward, who can inform the conscience of the praetor as to whether he should assent to the sale or pledge.
§27.9.5.12Illud quaeri potest, si praetor aditus permiserit distrahi possessionem prouincialem, an ualeat quod fecit.
The question can be asked, if the praetor, having been approached, permitted a provincial possession to be sold, whether what he did is valid.
et putem ualere: si modo tutela Romae agebatur et hi tutores eam quoque administrationem subierant.
And I should think it is valid, provided that the guardianship was conducted at Rome and these tutors had also undertaken that administration.
§27.9.5.13Ne tamen titulo tenus tutores aere alieno allegato pecunia abutantur quam mutuam acceperunt, oportebit praetorem curare, ut pecunia accepta creditoribus soluatur et de hoc decernere dareque uiatorem, qui ei renuntiet pecuniam istam ad hoc conuersam, propter quod desiderata est alienatio uel obligatio.
Lest, however, the tutors, having alleged a debt only in name, should abuse the money they received as a loan, it will be necessary for the praetor to take care that the money received is paid to the creditors, and to decree concerning this, and to give a messenger who may report to him that this money has been converted to the purpose for which the alienation or pledge was desired.
§27.9.5.14Si aes alienum non interueniat, tutores tamen allegent expedire haec praedia uendere et uel alia comparare uel certe istis carere, uidendum est, an praetor eis debeat permittere.
If no debt is present, but the tutors nevertheless allege that it is expedient to sell these lands and either buy others or at least be rid of these, we must see whether the praetor ought to permit them.
et magis est, ne possit: praetori enim non liberum arbitrium datum est distrahendi res pupillares, sed ita demum, si aes alienum immineat.
And it is more reasonable that he cannot; for free discretion of selling the ward's property has not been given to the praetor, but only if debt is imminent.
proinde et si permiserit aere alieno non allegato, consequenter dicemus nullam esse uenditionem nullumque decretum: non enim passim distrahi iubere praetori tributum est, sed ita demum, si urgueat aes alienum.
Accordingly, even if he has permitted it without a debt being alleged, we shall consequently say that there is no sale and no decree; for it has not been granted to the praetor to order a sale indiscriminately, but only if debt is pressing.
§27.9.5.15Manet actio pupillo, si postea poterit probari obreptum esse praetori.
An action remains to the ward, if it can afterwards be proved that the praetor was deceived.
sed uidendum est, utrum in rem an in personam dabimus ei actionem.
But we must see whether we shall give him an action in rem or in personam.
et magis est, ut in rem detur, non tantum in personam aduersus tutores siue curatores.
And it is more reasonable that it be given in rem, not only in personam against the tutors or curators.
§27.9.5.16Communia praedia accipere debemus, si pro indiuiso communia sint: ceterum si pro diuiso communia sint, cessante oratione decreto locus erit.
We must understand "common lands" if they are common undivided; but if they are common divided, the Speech does not apply and there will be room for a decree.