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Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §18.1.43.pr-18.1.43.2

Sales Commendations and Seller's Duty of Good Faith

Passage 2631 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

This chunk discusses the limits of legal binding force for sales commendations, the invalidity of stipulations regarding obvious defects, and the seller's duty to warrant the absence of bad faith.

[FLORENTINUS libro octauo institutionum. ] §18.1.43.prEa quae commendandi causa in uenditionibus dicuntur, si palam appareant, uenditorem non obligant, ueluti si dicat seruum speciosum, domum bene aedificatam: at si dixerit hominem litteratum uel artificem, praestare debet: nam hoc ipso pluris uendit.
Things which are said in sales for the purpose of commendation, if they are openly apparent, do not bind the seller, as, for example, if he says that a slave is good-looking, or a house is well built; but if he says that a man is literate or an artisan, he must make it good, for by this very fact he sells at a higher price.
§18.1.43.1Quaedam etiam pollicitationes uenditorem non obligant, si ita in promptu res sit, ut eam emptor non ignorauerit, ueluti si quis hominem luminibus effossis emat et de sanitate stipuletur: nam de cetera parte corporis potius stipulatus uidetur, quam de eo, in quo se ipse decipiebat.
Certain promises also do not bind the seller, if the thing is so obvious that the buyer could not have been ignorant of it; as, for example, if someone buys a man whose eyes have been gouged out and stipulates for his soundness; for he is deemed to have stipulated for the other parts of the body, rather than for that in which he was deceiving himself.
§18.1.43.2Dolum malum a se abesse praestare uenditor debet, qui non tantum in eo est, qui fallendi causa obscure loquitur, sed etiam qui insidiose obscure dissimulat.
The seller must warrant that bad faith is absent on his part, which exists not only in one who speaks obscurely for the purpose of deceiving, but also in one who insidiously and obscurely conceals.

Notes

  1. §18.1.43.1de eo, in quo se ipse decipiebat — This phrase refers to the buyer who, while recognizing an obvious physical defect (such as missing eyes), nevertheless stipulates for soundness. In doing so, the buyer is deemed to have been deceiving himself regarding that obvious defect (ignoring reality). Consequently, the stipulation is interpreted as applying only to the other parts of the body.
  2. §18.1.43.2qui non tantum in eo est — The relative pronoun "qui" has the masculine noun "dolum malum" (accusative, nominative "dolus malus") as its antecedent. "in eo, qui..." means "in him who...", explaining in what kind of person's conduct bad faith (dolus malus) manifests.

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §18.1.43.pr-18.1.43.2. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:18.1.43.pr-18.1.43.2

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