[ULPIANUS libro uicensimo octauo ad edictum. ] §13.6.5.9Usque adeo autem diligentia in re commodata praestanda est, ut etiam in ea, quae sequitur rem commodatam, praestari debeat: ut puta equam tibi commodaui, quam pullus comitabatur: etiam pulli te custodiam praestare debere ueteres responderunt.
But diligence in a loaned thing must be guaranteed to such an extent that it must even be guaranteed in that which follows the loaned thing: as for example, I loaned you a mare, which a foal accompanied; the ancient jurists replied that you must even guarantee custody of the foal.
§13.6.5.10Interdum plane dolum solum in re commodata qui rogauit praestabit, ut puta si quis ita conuenit: uel si sua dumtaxat causa commodauit, sponsae forte suae uel uxori, quo honestius culta ad se deduceretur, uel si quis ludos edens praetor scaenicis commodauit, uel ipsi praetori quis ultro commodauit.
Sometimes, clearly, he who requested the loan will guarantee fraud alone in the loaned thing, as for example, if anyone has so agreed; or if the lender loaned it solely for his own sake—by chance to his fiancée or wife, so that she might be brought to him more respectably adorned—or if a praetor, when exhibiting games, loaned things to stage actors, or if anyone voluntarily loaned things to the praetor himself.
§13.6.5.11Nunc uidendum, in quibus speciebus commodati actio locum habeat. et est apud ueteres de huiusmodi speciebus dubitatum.
Now we must see in which cases the action on loan has a place; and there was doubt among the ancient jurists concerning cases of this kind.
§13.6.5.12Rem tibi dedi, ut creditori tuo pignori dares: dedisti: non repigneras, ut mihi reddas.
I gave you an object so that you might give it to your creditor as a pledge; you gave it; you do not redeem it so that you might return it to me.
Labeo ait commodati actionem locum habere, quod ego puto uerum esse, nisi merces interuenit: tunc enim uel in factum uel ex locato conducto agendum erit.
Labeo says that the action on loan has a place, which I think is true, unless a reward has intervened: for then, the action must be brought either on the facts or on hire.
plane si ego pro te rem pignori dedero tua uoluntate, mandati erit actio.
Clearly, if I give an object as a pledge for you with your consent, the action on mandate will lie.
idem Labeo recte dicit, si a me culpa absit repignerandi, creditor autem nolit reddere pignus, competere tibi ad hoc dumtaxat commodati, ut tibi actiones aduersus eum praestem.
The same Labeo rightly says that if fault in redeeming is absent on my part, but the creditor is unwilling to return the pledge, the action on loan is available to you to this extent only, that I should make over to you my actions against him.
abesse autem culpa a me uidetur, siue iam solui pecuniam siue soluere sum paratus.
But fault seems to be absent on my part, whether I have already paid the money or am ready to pay it.
sumptum plane litis ceteraque aequum est eum adgnoscere, qui commodatum accepit.
It is clearly fair that he who received the loan should bear the expenses of the litigation and other things.
§13.6.5.13Si me rogaueris, ut seruum tibi cum lance commodarem et seruus lancem perdiderit, Cartilius ait periculum ad te respicere, nam et lancem uideri commodatam: quare culpam in eam quoque praestandam.
If you requested me to loan you a slave with a platter, and the slave lost the platter, Cartilius says that the risk regards you, for the platter also is deemed to have been loaned; wherefore fault must be guaranteed in it as well.
plane si seruus cum ea fugerit, eum qui commodatum accepit non teneri, nisi fugae praestitit culpam.
Clearly, if the slave fled with it, he who received the loan is not held liable, unless he contributed some fault to the flight.
§13.6.5.14Si de me petisses, ut triclinium tibi sternerem et argentum ad ministerium praeberem, et fecero, deinde petisses, ut idem sequenti die facerem et eum commode argentum domi referre non possem, ibi hoc reliquero et perierit: qua actione agi possit et cuius esset periculum? Labeo de periculo scripsit multum interesse, custodem posui an non: si posui, ad me periculum spectare, si minus, ad eum penes quem relictum est.
If you had requested of me that I set out a dining room for you and provide silver for service, and I did so, and then you requested that I do the same on the following day, and when I could not conveniently carry the silver back home, I left it there and it was lost: by which action can it be sued, and whose was the risk? Labeo wrote concerning the risk that it makes a great difference whether I placed a guard or not; if I did, the risk regards me; if not, it regards him with whom it was left.
ego puto commodati quidem agendum, uerum custodiam eum praestare debere, penes quem res relictae sunt, nisi aliud nominatim conuenit.
I think that the action on loan should indeed be brought, but that he with whom the things were left ought to guarantee custody, unless something else was specifically agreed.
§13.6.5.15Si duobus uehiculum commodatum sit uel locatum simul, Celsus filius scribit libro sexto digestorum quaeri posse, utrum unusquisque eorum in solidum an pro parte teneatur.
If a vehicle has been loaned or hired to two persons at the same time, Celsus the younger writes in the sixth book of the Digests that it can be asked whether each of them is held liable for the whole or for a part.
et ait duorum quidem in solidum dominium uel possessionem esse non posse: nec quemquam partis corporis dominum esse, sed totius corporis pro indiuiso pro parte dominium habere.
And he says that ownership or possession of a thing in its entirety cannot belong to two persons; nor is anyone the owner of a part of a physical body, but has ownership of a part of the whole body undivided.
usum autem balinei quidem uel porticus uel campi uniuscuiusque in solidum esse (neque enim minus me uti, quod et alius uteretur): uerum in uehiculo commodato uel locato pro parte quidem effecu me usum habere, quia non omnia loca uehiculi teneam.
But the use of a bath, a portico, or a field belongs to each in its entirety (for my use is not the less because another also uses it); but in a loaned or hired vehicle, I have use in fact only for a part, because I do not occupy all the places of the vehicle.
sed esse uerius ait et dolum et culpam et diligentiam et custodiam in totum me praestare debere: quare duo quodam modo rei habebuntur et, si alter conuentus praestiterit, liberabit alterum et ambobus competit furti actio.
But he says it is more correct that I ought to guarantee fraud, fault, diligence, and custody for the whole; wherefore the two will be held, in a manner of speaking, as debtors, and if one when sued has performed, he will release the other, and the action for theft is available to both.