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Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §12.1.18.pr-12.1.18.1

Disagreement on Transaction Type and Recovery of Money

Passage 1873 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

Discusses cases where there is an absence of mutual consent regarding the nature of the transaction (gift, loan, or deposit), concluding that no contract is formed, ownership is not transferred, and detailing the availability of condictio and exceptio doli once the coins are consumed.

[IDEM libro septimo disputationum. ] §12.1.18.prSi ego pecuniam tibi quasi donaturus dedero, tu quasi mutuam accipias, Iulianus scribit donationem non esse: sed an mutua sit, uidendum.
[THE SAME, Disputations, Book 7] If I should give money to you as if to make a gift, and you should receive it as if it were a loan, Julian writes that it is not a gift; but it must be considered whether it is a loan.
et puto nec mutuam esse magisque nummos accipientis non fieri, cum alia opinione acceperit.
And I think that it is not a loan either, and rather that the coins do not become the property of the recipient, since he received them with a different expectation.
quare si eos consumpserit, licet condictione teneatur, tamen doli exceptione uti poterit, quia secundum uoluntatem dantis nummi sunt consumpti.
Therefore, if he has consumed them, although he may be liable to a personal action for recovery, he will nevertheless be able to use the defense of fraud, because the coins were consumed in accordance with the will of the giver.
§12.1.18.1Si ego quasi deponens tibi dedero, tu quasi mutuam accipias, nec depositum nec mutuum est: idem est et si tu quasi mutuam pecuniam dederis, ego quasi commodatam ostendendi gratia accepi: sed in utroque casu consumptis nummis condictioni sine doli exceptione locus erit.
If I should give to you as if making a deposit, and you should receive it as if it were a loan, it is neither a deposit nor a loan. The same is true if you should give money as if it were a loan, and I received it as if it were a gratuitous loan for the purpose of showing it. But in both cases, once the coins have been consumed, there will be room for a personal action for recovery without the defense of fraud.

Notes

  1. §12.1.18.prmagisque nummos accipientis non fieri — An accusative with infinitive construction depending on puto, where nummos is the accusative subject of fieri. The genitive accipientis is a possessive genitive with fieri, meaning 'to become the property of the recipient'.
  2. §12.1.18.1consumptis nummis condictioni sine doli exceptione locus erit — The phrase consumptis nummis is an ablative absolute. condictioni is a dative governed by locus erit ('there will be room for...'). It explains that once the coins are consumed, a personal action for recovery (condictio) will be allowed without the defense of fraud (exceptio doli).

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §12.1.18.pr-12.1.18.1. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:12.1.18.pr-12.1.18.1

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