§9.2.97ironia quoque in hoc genere materiae frequentissima est.
Irony also is very frequent in this kind of subject matter.
sed eruditissimum longe, si per aliam rem alia indicetur, ut adversus tyrannum, qui sub pacto abolitionis dominationem deposuerat, agit competitor, mihi in te dicere non licet, tu in me die et potes; nuper te volui occidere. §9.2.98frequens illud est nec magnopere captandum, quod petitur a iureiurando, ut pro exheredato, ita mihi contingat herede, filio mori. nam et in totum iurare, nisi ubi necesse est, gravi viro parum convenit, et est a Seneca dictum eleganter, non patronorum hoc esse, sed testium.
But it is by far the most artistic when one thing is indicated through another, as when, against a tyrant who had abdicated his power under a pact of amnesty, his competitor pleads: "I am not allowed to speak against you; do you speak against me, and you can; I wanted to kill you recently." That device is frequent, though not to be eagerly sought after, which is derived from an oath, as on behalf of a disinherited son: "so may it happen to me to die with this son as my heir." For to swear at all, except where it is necessary, is hardly fitting for a man of gravity, and it was elegantly said by Seneca that this is the part of witnesses, not of advocates.
nec meretur fidem qui sententiolae gratia iurat, nisi si potest tam bene quam Demosthenes, ut supra dixi.
Nor does he deserve belief who swears for the sake of a little maxim, unless he can do it as well as Demosthenes, as I said above.
§9.2.99levissimum autem longe genus ex verbo, etiamsi est apud Ciceronem in Clodiam, praesertim quam omnes amicam omnium potius quam cuiusquam inimicam putaverunt. §9.2.100comparationem equidem video figuram quoque esse, cum sit interim probationis, interim etiam causae genus, et sit talis eius forma, qualis est pro Murena, vigilas tu de nocte, ut tuis consultoribus respondeas, ille, ut eo, quo contendit, mature cum exercitu perveniat;
By far the most trivial class, however, is that which is derived from a word, even if there is an example in Cicero against Clodia, especially where he said of her: "whom all regarded as the friend of all rather than the enemy of anyone." Indeed, I see that comparison is also a figure, although it is sometimes a class of proof, and sometimes even a class of case, and its form is such as that in the speech for Murena: "You watch by night that you may answer your clients; he, that he may arrive early with his army at the place to which he is marching.
te gallorum illum buccinarum cantus exsuscitat et cetera.
The crowing of cocks awakens you, the sound of trumpets him," and so forth.
§9.2.101nescio an orationis potius quam sententiae sit.
I do not know whether it belongs to figures of speech rather than figures of thought.
id enim solum mutatur, quod non universa universis, sed singula singulis opponuntur.
For the only difference is that individual things are opposed to individual things, rather than wholes to wholes.
et Celsus tamen et non negligens auctor Visellius in hac eam parte posuerunt, Rutilius quidem Lupus in utroque genere, idque ἀντίθετον vocat.
And yet Celsus and Visellius, an author of no small weight, have placed it in this part; Rutilius Lupus indeed places it in both classes, and calls it antithesis.
§9.2.102praeter illa vero, quae Cicero inter lumina posuit sententiarum, multa alia et idem Rutilius Gorgian secutus, non illum Leontinum, sed alium sui temporis, cuius quattuor libros in unum suum transtulit, et Celsus, videlicet Rutilio accedens, posuerunt schemata: §9.2.103consummationem, quam Graecus διαλλαγήν vocat, cum plura argumenta ad unum effectum deducuntur; consequens, ille ἐπακολούθησιν, de quo nos in argumentis diximus;
In addition to those, however, which Cicero placed among the lights of thought, many others have been set down as figures both by the same Rutilius, following Gorgias—not the famous one of Leontini, but another of his own time, whose four books he translated into his own single volume—and by Celsus, evidently agreeing with Rutilius: consummation, which the Greek calls diallage, when several arguments are brought to a single effect; consequence, which he calls epakolouthesis, of which we spoke under arguments; collection, which in his work is reasoning; threats, that is, consternation; exhortation, or reasoning.
collectionem, qui apud illum est συλλογισμός minas, id est κατάπληξιν exhortationem, συλλογισμός Quorum nihil non rectum est, nisi cum aliquam ex iis, de quibus locuti sumus, figuram accipit.
None of these is otherwise than correct, except when it assumes some figure from those of which we have spoken.
§9.2.104praeter haec Celsus excludere, asseverare, detrectare, excitare iudicem, proverbiis uti, et versibus et ioco et invidia et invocatione intendere crimen (quod est δείνωσις), adulari, ignoscere, fastidire, admonere, satisfacere, precari, corripere, figuras putat.
Besides these, Celsus considers figures to include: excluding, asserting, refusing, exciting the judge, using proverbs, and intensifying a charge by verses, jest, odium, or invocation (which is deinosis), flattering, forgiving, showing disdain, warning, making amends, entreating, and rebuking.
§9.2.105partitionem quoque et propositionem et divisionem et rerum duarum cognationem, quod est, ut idem valeant quae videntur esse diversa, ut non is demum sit veneficus, qui vitam abstulit data potione, sed etiam qui mentem; quod est in parte finitionis.
Also partition, proposition, division, and the relationship of two things, which consists in making things that seem different have the same value, as that he is not only a poisoner who took life by administering a potion, but also he who took away the mind; which belongs to the province of definition.
§9.2.106Rutilius sive Gorgias, ἀναγκαῖον, ἀνάμνησιν, ἀνθυποφορὰν, ἀνθυποφοράν, παραύξησιν, προέκθεσιν, quod est dicere quid fieri oportuerit, deinde quid factum sit; ἐναντιότητα unde sint enthymemata κατ᾽ ἐναντίωσιν, μετάληψιν etiam, quo statu Hermagoras utitur.
Rutilius or Gorgias includes necessity, recollection, anticipation of objection, anticipation of objection, exaggeration, pre-exposition—which consists in saying what ought to have been done, and then what was done; opposition, from which enthymemes from opposition arise; and also metalepsis, which Hermagoras uses as a issue.
Visellius, quanquam paucissimas faciat figuras, ἐνθύμημα tamen, quod commentum vocat, et, rationem appellans, ἐπιχείρημα inter eas habet.
Visellius, although he makes very few figures, nevertheless includes among them the enthymeme, which he calls a device, and the epichirema, calling it a reason.
quod quidem recipit quodammodo et Celsus; nam consequens an epichirema sit dubitat.
Indeed, Celsus accepts this in a way, for he doubts whether consequence is an epichirema.
Visellius adiicit et sententiam.
Visellius also adds the maxim.
§9.2.107invenio, qui aggregent his διασκευάς, ἀπαγορεύσις, παραδιηγήσεις.
I find some who add to these descriptions, prohibitions, and digressions.
sed ut haec non sunt schemata, sic alia vel sint forsitan ac nos fugerint vel etiam nova fieri adhuc possint, eiusdem tamen naturae cuius sunt ea de quibus dictum est.
But just as these are not figures, so others may perhaps exist and have escaped us, or even new ones may still be made, yet they will be of the same nature as those of which we have spoken.