§8.pr.1his fere, quae in proximos quinque libros collata sunt, ratio inveniendi atque inventa disponendi continetur, quam ut per omnes numeros penitus cognoscere ad summam scientiae necessarium est, ita incipientibus brevius ac simplicius tradi magis convenit.
In these matters, which have been collected into the last five books, the method of invention and of arranging the things invented is almost entirely contained; and just as it is necessary for supreme knowledge to understand this thoroughly in all its details, so it is more fitting for it to be delivered to beginners more briefly and simply.
§8.pr.2aut enim difficultate institutionis tam numerosae atque perplexae deterreri solent, aut eo tempore, quo praecipue alenda ingenia atque indulgentia quadam enutrienda sunt, asperiorum tractatu rerum atteruntur, aut, si haec sola didicerunt, satis se ad eloquentiam instructos arbitrantur, aut quasi ad certas quasdam dicendi leges adligati conatum omnem reformidant.
For they are either accustomed to be deterred by the difficulty of an instruction so manifold and perplexed, or they are worn away by the treatment of harsher matters at that time when their minds ought especially to be nourished and brought up with a certain indulgence, or, if they have learned these rules alone, they think themselves sufficiently equipped for eloquence, or, as if bound to certain definite laws of speaking, they dread every attempt of their own.
§8.pr.3unde existimant accidisse ut, qui diligentissimi artium scriptores exstiterint, ab eloquentia longissime fuerint.
Hence people think it has happened that those who stood out as the most diligent writers on the arts were furthest removed from eloquence.
via tamen opus est incipientibus, sed ea plana et cum ad ingrediendum tum ad demonstrandum expedita.
Yet a way is necessary for beginners, but it must be one that is flat and easy both for entering upon and for pointing out.
eligat itaque peritus ille praeceptor ex omnibus optima et tradat ea demum in praesentia quae placet, remota refutandi cetera mora.
Therefore, let that experienced teacher choose the best from all sources, and deliver for the present only what pleases him, removing the delay of refuting the other views.
sequentur enim discipuli, quo duxeris.
For the disciples will follow where you lead them.
§8.pr.4mox cum robore dicendi crescet etiam eruditio.
Soon, with the strength of speaking, learning also will grow.
iidem primo solum iter credant esse in quod inducentur, mox illud cognituri etiam optimum.
Let these same pupils at first believe that the only path is that into which they are being led, and soon they will know that it is also the best.
sunt autem neque obscura neque ad percipiendum difficilia quae scriptores diversis opinionibus pertinaciter tuendis involverunt.
Moreover, those things which writers have complicated by stubbornly defending diverse opinions are neither obscure nor difficult to understand.
§8.pr.5itaque in toto artis huiusce tractatu difficilius est iudicare quid doceas quam, cum iudicaris, docere, praecipueque in duabus his partibus perquam sunt pauca, circa quae si is qui instituitur non repugnaverit, pronum ad cetera habiturus est cursum.
Therefore, in the whole treatment of this art, it is more difficult to judge what you should teach than to teach when you have judged; and especially in these two parts there are very few things about which, if the pupil does not resist, he will have an easy course to the rest.
§8.pr.6nempe enim plurimum in hoc laboris exhausimus, ut ostenderemus rhetoricen bene dicendi scientiam et utilem et artem et virtutem esse; materiam eius res omnes de quibus dicendum esset; eas in tribus fere generibus, demonstrativo, deliberative, iudicialique reperiri; orationem porro omnem constare rebus et verbis; in rebus intuendam inventionem, in verbis elocutionem, in utroque collocationem, quae memoria conplecteretur, actio commendaret.
For indeed we have exhausted most of our labor in this, to show that rhetoric is the science of speaking well, and is useful, and is an art, and a virtue; that its material consists of all things about which we must speak; that these are found in about three genres: the demonstrative, the deliberative, and the judicial; and further, that every speech consists of things and words; that in things, invention is to be regarded, in words, style, and in both, arrangement, which memory should embrace and delivery commend.
oratoris officium docendi, §8.pr.7movendi, delectandi partibus contineri, ex quibus ad docendum expositio et argumentatio, ad movendum adfectus pertinerent, quos per omnem quidem causam sed maxime tamen in ingressu ac fine dominari.
Also, that the duty of an orator is contained in the parts of teaching, moving, and pleasing, of which exposition and argumentation belong to teaching, and emotions to moving, which latter indeed dominate throughout the whole cause, but especially in the introduction and the conclusion.
nam delectationem, quamvis in utroque sit eorum, magis tamen proprias in elocutione partes habere.
For pleasing, although it is in both of them, yet has its more proper part in style.
§8.pr.8quaestiones alias infinitas, alias finitas quae personis, temporibus, locis continerentur.
that questions are some of them infinite, others finite, which are contained in persons, times, and places.
in omni porro materia tria esse quaerenda, an sit, quid sit, quale sit.
Furthermore, that in every subject three things are to be inquired: whether it is, what it is, and of what kind it is.
his adiiciebamus demonstrativam laude ac vituperatione constare. in ea quae ab ipso de quo diceremus, quae post eum acta essent, intuendum. hoc opus tractatu honestorum utiliumque constare.
To these we added that the demonstrative genre consists of praise and blame; that in it we must regard what was done by the person himself of whom we speak, and what was done after him; and that this work consists in the treatment of honorable and useful things.
§8.pr.9suasoriis accedere tertiam partem ex coniectura, possetne fieri et an esset futurum de quo deliberaretur.
that to deliberative speeches a third part is added from conjecture: whether that which is deliberated upon can be done, and whether it will be.
hic praecipue diximus spectandum, quis, apud quem, quid diceret.
Here we said that we must especially consider who speaks, before whom, and what he says.
iudicialium causarum alias in singulis, alias in pluribus controversiis consistere, et in quibusdam intentionem modo stature facere, modo depulsionem; depulsionem porro omnem infitiatione duplici, factumne et an hoc factum esset, praeterea defensione ac translatione constare.
That judicial causes consist sometimes of single, sometimes of several controversies, and in some make only accusation, in others only defense; and further, that all defense consists of a twofold denial, whether the deed was done, and whether this was the deed that was done, and besides, of justification and transfer of the charge.
§8.pr.10quaestionem aut ex scripto esse aut ex facto; facto, de rerum fide, proprietate, qualitate; scripto, de verborum vi aut voluntate, in quibus vis tum causarum tum actionum inspici soleat, quae aut scripti et voluntatis aut ratiocinativa aut ambiguitatis aut legum contrariarum specie continentur.
that a question is either from writing or from fact; from fact, concerning the truth, definition, and quality of things; from writing, concerning the force or intention of words, in which the force both of causes and of actions is accustomed to be inspected, which are contained under the species of letter and intention, of reasoning, of ambiguity, or of contrary laws.
§8.pr.11in omni porro causa iudiciali quinque esse partes, quarum exordio conciliari audientem, narratione doceri, probatione proposita confirmari, refutatione contra dicta dissolvi, peroratione aut memoriam refici aut animos moveri.
furthermore, that in every judicial cause there are five parts, of which the hearer is conciliated by the introduction, instructed by the statement of facts, confirmed by the proposed proof, refutation dissolves what has been said against us, and by the peroration either the memory is refreshed or the feelings are moved.