§1.5.47in participio per genus et casum, ut in vocabulo, per tempora, ut in verbo, per numerum, ut in utroque, peccatur.
In the participle, a mistake is made through gender and case, as in the noun, through tenses, as in the verb, and through number, as in both.
pronomen quoque genus, numerum, casus habet, quae omnia recipiunt huiusmodi errorem.
The pronoun also has gender, number, and cases, all of which admit this kind of error.
§1.5.48fiunt soloecismi et quidem plurimi per partes orationis; sed id tradere satis non est, ne ita demum vitium esse credat puer, si pro alia ponatur alia, ut verbum, ubi nomen esse debuerit, vel adverbium, ubi pronomen, et similia.
Solecisms, and indeed very many, occur through parts of speech; but to teach this is not enough, lest a boy should believe that a vice exists only if one part is placed for another, as a verb where a noun ought to have been, or an adverb where a pronoun, and the like.
§1.5.49nam sunt quaedam cognata, ut dicunt, id est eiusdem generis, in quibus, qui alia specie quam oportet utetur, non minus quam ipso genere permutato deliquerit.
For there are certain cognate words, as they say, that is, of the same genus, in which he who uses another species than he ought will have offended no less than if the genus itself had been changed.
§1.5.50nam et an et aut coniunctiones sunt, male tamen interroges, hic aut ille sit; et ne ac non adverbia; qui tamen dicat pro illo
"ne feceris"
"non feceris,"
in idem incidat vitium, quia alterum negandi est alterum vetandi.
For both 'an' and 'aut' are conjunctions, yet you would ask incorrectly whether 'hic aut ille sit'; and 'ne' and 'non' are adverbs; yet he who says instead of the former "ne feceris ""non feceris, "would fall into the same vice, because one is for denying, the other for forbidding.
hoc amplius intro et intus loci adverbia, eo tamen intus et intro sum soloecismi sunt.
Furthermore, 'intro' and 'intus' are adverbs of place, yet 'eo intus' and 'intro sum' are solecisms.
§1.5.51eadem in diversitate pronominum, interiectionum, praepositionum accident; est etiam soloecismus in oratione comprehensionis unius sequentium ac priorum inter se inconveniens position.
The same things will happen in the diversity of pronouns, interjections, and prepositions; there is also a solecism in speech in a single clause when there is an unsuitable positioning of the following and preceding words among themselves.
§1.5.52quaedam tamen et faciem soloecismi habent et dici vitiosa non possunt, ut tragoedia Thyestes et ludi Floralia ac Megalensia, quanquam haec sequenti tempore interciderunt numquam aliter a veteribus dicta.
Yet some things both have the appearance of a solecism and cannot be called faulty, such as the tragedy 'Thyestes' and the games 'Floralia' and 'Megalensia', although these in later times fell out of use, having never been spoken otherwise by the ancients.
schemata igitur nominabuntur, frequentiora quidem apud poetas sed oratoribus quoque permissa.
Therefore, they will be called figures; they are indeed more frequent among poets, but permitted to orators as well.
§1.5.53verum schema fere habebit aliquam rationem, ut docebimus eo, quem paulo ante promisimus, loco.
But a figure will generally have some reason, as we shall teach in that place which we promised a little while ago.
sed id quoque, quod schema vocatur, si ab aliquo per imprudentiam factum erit, soloecismi vitio non carebit.
But that also which is called a figure, if it is made by someone through ignorance, will not be free from the vice of a solecism.
§1.5.54in eadem specie sunt sed schemate carent, ut supra dixi, nomina feminina, quibus mares utuntur, et neutralia, quibus feminae.
In the same class, but lacking a figure, are, as I said above, feminine nouns used by males, and neuters used by females.
hactenus de soloecismo. neque enim artem grammaticam componere aggressi sumus, sed cum in ordinem incurreret, inhonoratam transire noluimus.
So much for the solecism; for we have not undertaken to write a treatise on grammar, but since it fell in our way, we did not wish to pass it by without respect.
§1.5.55hoc amplius, ut institutum ordinem sequar, verba aut Latina aut peregrina sunt.
Furthermore, to follow the established order, words are either Latin or foreign.
peregrina porro ex omnibus prope dixerim gentibus ut homines, ut instituta etiam multa venerunt.
Foreign words, moreover, have come from almost all nations, just as men and indeed many customs have.
§1.5.56taceo de Tuscis et Sabinis et Praenestinis quoque; nam ut eorum sermone utentem Vettium Lucilius insectatur, quemadmodum Pollio reprehendit in Livio Patavinitatem, licet omnia Italica pro Romanis habeam.
I say nothing of the Etruscans, Sabines, and Praenestines as well; for just as Lucilius attacks Vettius for using their speech, in the same way Pollio censures Patavinity in Livy, although I consider all Italian things as Roman.
§1.5.57plurima gallica evaluerunt ut raeda ac petorritum, quorum altero tamen Cicero altero Horatius utitur.
Very many Gallic words have prevailed, such as 'raeda' and 'petorritum', of which, however, Cicero uses the former and Horace the latter.
et mappam circo quoque usitatum nomen Poeni sibi vindicant, et gurdos, quos pro stolidis accipit vulgus, ex Hispania duxisse originem audivi.
And the Carthaginians claim 'mappa', a word also common in the circus, as their own, and I have heard that 'gurdus', which the common people accept for 'stupid', drew its origin from Spain.
§1.5.58sed haec divisio mea ad Graecum sermonem praecipue pertinet, nam et maxima ex parte Romanus inde conversus est et confessis quoque Graecis utimur verbis, ubi nostra desunt, sicut illi a nobis nonnunquam mutuantur.
But this division of mine pertains especially to Greek speech, for both the Roman tongue is for the most part translated from it, and we use confessed Greek words where ours are lacking, just as they sometimes borrow from us.
inde illa quaestio exoritur, an eadem ratione per casus duci externa qua nostra conveniat.
Thence arises that question, whether it is proper for foreign words to be declined through cases in the same manner as our own.
§1.5.59ac si reperias grammaticum veterum amatorem, neget quidquam ex Latina ratione mutandum, quia, cum sit apud nos casus ablativus, quem illi non habent, parum conveniat uno casu nostro quinque Graecis uti; §1.5.60quin etiam laudet virtutem eorum, qui potentiorem facere linguam Latinam studebant, nec alienis egere institutis fatebantur.
And if you should meet a grammarian who is a lover of the ancients, he would deny that anything should be changed from the Latin system, because, since there is among us an ablative case, which they do not have, it would be little fitting to use our single case for five Greek cases; nay, he would even praise the virtue of those who strove to make the Latin tongue more powerful, and would not confess that they needed foreign institutions.
inde Castorem media syllaba producta pronuntiarunt, quia hoc omnibus nostris nominibus accidebat, quorum prima positio in easdem quas Castor litteras exit; et ut Palaemo ac Telamo et Plato (nam sic eum Cicero quoque appellat) dicerentur, retinuerunt, quia Latinum, quod o et n litteris finiretur, non reperiebant.
Therefore they pronounced 'Castor' with the middle syllable lengthened, because this happened to all our nouns whose first position ends in the same letters as 'Castor'; and they retained 'Palaemo' and 'Telamo' and 'Plato' (for so Cicero also calls him) so that they might be so spoken, because they did not find any Latin noun ending in the letters 'o' and 'n'.