§1.4.20alii tamen ex idoneis dumtaxat auctoribus octo partes secuti sunt ut Aristarchus et aetate nostra Palaemon, qui vocabulum sive appellationem nomini subiecerunt tanquam speciem eius.
However, some other even among reputable authors have followed the eight parts of speech, such as Aristarchus and in our own day Palaemon, who placed the appellative or common noun under the noun as if a species of it.
at ii, qui aliud nomen aliud vocabulum faciunt, novem.
But those who make the noun one thing and the appellative another count nine.
nihilominus fuerunt, qui ipsum adhuc vocabulum ab appellatione deducerent, ut esset vocabulum corpus visu tactuque manifestum, domus, lectus, appellatio, cui vel alterum deesset vel utrumque, ventus, caelum, deus, virtus.
Nevertheless, there were some who still derived the common noun itself from the appellative, so that a common noun should be a body manifest to sight and touch, like `domus`, `lectus`, and an appellative should be that which lacks either one or both of these, like `ventus`, `caelum`, `deus`, `virtus`.
adiiciebant et asseverationem ut eheu, et tractationem ut fasciatim; quae mihi non approbantur.
They also added asseveration, such as `eheu`, and description, such as `fasciatim`; which are not approved by me.
§1.4.21vocabulum an appellatio dicenda sit προσηγορία et subiicienda nomini necne, quia parvi refert, liberum opinaturis relinquo.
Whether `προσηγορία` should be called a common noun or an appellative, and whether it should be placed under the noun or not, is of so little importance that I leave it free to those who wish to express an opinion.
§1.4.22nomina declinare et verba in primis pueri sciant, neque enim aliter pervenire ad intellectum sequentium possunt; quod etiam monere supervacuum erat, nisi ambitiosa festinatione plerique a posterioribus inciperent et, dum ostentare discipulos circa speciosiora malunt, compendio morarentur.
First of all, let boys know how to decline nouns and conjugate verbs, for they cannot otherwise arrive at the understanding of what follows; a warning which it would have been superfluous to give, were it not that most teachers, from an ambitious haste, begin with the later parts, and, while they prefer to display their pupils in more showy matters, retard them by what they intend as a shortcut.
§1.4.23atqui si quis et didicerit satis et (quod non minus deesse interim solet) voluerit docere quae didicit, non erit contentus tradere in nominibus tria genera et quae sunt duobus omnibusve communia.
And yet, if anyone has both learned enough and (what is no less often wanting in the meantime) has wished to teach what he has learned, he will not be content with delivering in nouns the three genders and those which are common to two or to all of them.
§1.4.24nec statim diligentem putabo, qui promiscua, quae ἐπίκοινα dicuntur, ostenderit, in quibus sexus uterque per alterum apparet; aut quae feminina positione mares aut neutrali feminas significant, qualia sunt Murena et Glycerium.
Nor shall I immediately think him diligent who has pointed out the promiscuous nouns, which are called `ἐπίκοινα`, in which both sexes are implied under one gender; or those which signify males under a feminine ending, or females under a neuter ending, such as `Murena` and `Glycerium`.
§1.4.25scrutabitur ille praeceptor acer atque subtilis origines nominum, quae ex habitu corporis Rufos Longosque fecerunt; ubi erit aliud secretius, Sullae, Burri, Galbae, Plauti, Pansae, Scauri taliaque; et ex casu nascentium; hic Agrippa et Opiter et Cordus et Postumus erunt; et ex iis, quae post natos eveniunt, unde Vopiscus.
That energetic and subtle preceptor will search into the origins of nouns, which from some bodily habit have produced the `Rufi` and `Longi`; where there will be another more secret origin, as in `Sullae`, `Burri`, `Galbae`, `Plauti`, `Pansae`, `Scauri`, and the like; and from the circumstances of birth, here will be `Agrippa`, `Opiter`, `Cordus`, and `Postumus`; and from those things which happen after birth, whence comes `Vopiscus`.
iam Cottae, Scipiones, Laenates, Serani sunt ex variis causis.
Now `Cottae`, `Scipiones`, `Laenates`, `Serani` are from various causes.
§1.4.26gentes quoque ac loca et alia multa reperias inter nominum causas.
You may also find clans, places, and many other things among the causes of nouns.
in servis iam intercidit illud genus, quod ducebatur a domino, unde Marcipores Publiporesque.
In the case of slaves, that class which was derived from their master has now fallen into disuse, whence came `Marcipores` and `Publipores`.
quaerat etiam, sitne apud Graecos vis quaedam sexti casus et apud nos quoque septimi.
Let him also inquire whether there is among the Greeks a certain force of a sixth case, and among us also of a seventh.
nam cum dico hasta percussi, non utor ablativi natura; nec, si idem Graece dicam, dativi.
For when I say "struck by a spear" (`hasta percussi`), I do not use the proper nature of the ablative; nor, if I say the same in Greek, that of the dative.
§1.4.27sed in verbis quoque quis est adeo imperitus, ut ignoret genera et qualitates et personas et numeros? litterarii paene ista sunt ludi et trivialis scientiae.
But in verbs also, who is so unskilful as to be ignorant of genders, qualities, persons, and numbers? Those are matters almost of the elementary school and of common knowledge.
iam quosdam illa turbabunt, quae declinationibus non tenentur.
Now some will be troubled by those things which are not held by conjugations.
nam et quaedam participia an verba an appellationes sint, dubitari potest, quia aliud alio loco valent, §1.4.28ut lectum et sapiens et quaedam verba appellationibus similia, ut fraudator, nutritor.
For it may even be doubted whether certain participles are verbs or nouns, because they have one value in one place and another in another, such as `lectum` and `sapiens`, and certain verbs similar to nouns, such as `fraudator`, `nutritor`.
iam itur in antiquam silvam nonne propriae cuiusdam rationis est? nam quod initium eius invenias? cui simile fletur.
Now, is not "it is gone into the ancient wood" (`itur in antiquam silvam`) of a certain peculiar nature? For what beginning of it could you find? Similar to this is "it is wept" (`fletur`).
accipimus aliter, ut panditur interea domus omnipotentis Olympi, aliter ut totis usque adeo turbatur agris.
We receive it in one way, as "meanwhile the house of all-powerful Olympus is opened" (`panditur interea domus omnipotentis Olympi`), and in another as "there is such confusion in all the fields" (`totis usque adeo turbatur agris`).
est etiam quidam tertias modus, ut urbs habitatur, unde et campus curritur, mare navigator.
There is also a certain third way, as "the city is inhabited" (`urbs habitatur`), whence also "the field is run over" (`campus curritur`), "the sea is sailed over" (`mare navigator`).
pransus quoque ac potus diversum valet quam indicat.
`pransus` also and `potus` have a different value from what they indicate.
quid? quod multa verba non totum declinationis ordinem ferunt? quaedam etiam mutantur ut fero in praeterito, quaedam tertiae demum personae figura dicuntur ut licet, piget, quaedam simile quiddam patiuntur vocabulis quae in adverbium transeunt? nam ut noctu et diu ita dictu factuque.
What of the fact that many verbs do not bear the whole order of conjugation? Some are even changed, as `fero` in the past tense, some are spoken only in the form of the third person, as `licet`, `piget`, and some suffer something similar to nouns which pass into an adverb? For as `noctu` and `diu`, so also `dictu` and `factu`.
sunt enim haec quoque verba participialia quidem, non tamen qualia dicto factoque.
For these also are indeed participial words, yet not of the same kind as `dicto` and `facto`.