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Livy · History of Rome §4.33.1-4.33.12

Attack with Torches and the Roman Capture of Fidenae

Passage 231 of 1770 · Latin

Summary

A new force of enemies carrying burning torches bursts from the gates of Fidenae, temporarily throwing the Romans into confusion, but the dictator's encouragement, the cavalry master's daring charge with unbridled horses, and Quinctius's rear attack secure a Roman victory, leading to a relentless pursuit of the fleeing enemies into the city.

§4.33.1Concusserat primo statim congressu hostem, cum repente patefactis Fidenarum portis nova erumpit acies inaudita ante id tempus invisitataque: §4.33.2ignibus armata ingens multitudo facibusque ardentibus tota conlucens velut fanatico instincta ftrore cursu in hostem ruit, formaque insolitae pugnae Romanos parumper exterruit.
The Roman had shaken the enemy at the very first clash, when suddenly, the gates of Fidenae being thrown open, a new battle line burst forth, unheard of and unseen before that time: a huge multitude armed with fire and glowing all over with burning torches rushed at the enemy in a run as if inspired by fanatical madness, and the appearance of this unusual combat terrified the Romans for a moment.
§4.33.3tum dictator magistro equitum equitibusque, tum ex montibus Quinctio accito proelium ciens ipse in sinistrum cornu, quod, incendio similius quam proelio, territum cesserat flammis, accurrit claraque voce §4.33.4“fumone victi” inquit “velut examen apium loco vestro exacti inermi cedetis hosti? non ferro extinguetis ignes? non faces has ipsas pro se quisque, si igni, non telis pugnandum est, ereptas ultro inferetis?
Then the dictator, having summoned the master of the horse and the cavalry, and then Quinctius from the mountains, stirring up the battle, himself ran to the left wing, which, more like a fire than a battle, had yielded in terror before the flames, and with a loud voice, "Conquered by smoke," he said, "driven from your place like a swarm of bees, will you yield to an unarmed enemy? Will you not extinguish the fires with the sword? Will you not, if you must fight with fire and not with weapons, each for his own part snatch away these very torches and throw them back against them?
§4.33.5agite,. nominis Romani ac virtutis patrum vestraeque memores vertite incendium hoc in hostium urbem et suis flammis delete Fidenas, quas vestris beneficiis placare non potuistis.
Come, mindful of the Roman name and the valor of your fathers and your own, turn this conflagration upon the enemy's city and destroy Fidenae with its own flames, which you could not pacify with your benefits.
legatorum hoc vos vestrorum colonorumque sanguis vastatique fines monent. ” ad imperium dictatoris mota cuncta acies.
The blood of your envoys and colonists and your devastated territories urge you to this." At the dictator's command, the entire line was moved.
§4.33.6faces partim emissae excipiuntur, partim vi eripiuntur; utraque acies armatur igni.
Some of the torches thrown were caught, others were snatched away by force; both lines were armed with fire.
§4.33.7magister equitum et ipse novat pugnam equestrem.
The master of the horse also himself innovated the cavalry fight.
frenos ut detrahant equis, imperat et ipse princeps calcaribus subditis evectus effreno equo in medios ignes infertur, et alii concitati equi libero cursu ferunt equitem in hostem.
He ordered them to strip the bridles from the horses, and himself, the first to apply spurs, was carried on his unbridled horse into the midst of the fires, and the other excited horses bore their riders at a free run into the enemy.
§4.33.8pulvis elatus mixtusque fumo lucem ex oculis virorum equorumque aufert.
The dust kicked up and mixed with smoke took the light from the eyes of men and horses.
ea, quae militem terruerat, species nihil terruit equos.
That appearance, which had terrified the infantryman, did not terrify the horses at all.
ruinae igitur similem stragem eques, quacumque pervaserat, dedit.
Therefore, the cavalry dealt a slaughter like a collapse wherever they penetrated.
§4.33.9clamor deinde accidit novus; qui cum utramque mirabundam in se aciem vertisset, dictator exclamat Quinctium legatum et suos ab tergo hostem adortos; ipse redintegrato clamore infert acrius signa.
Then a new shout arose; when this had turned both lines, full of wonder, toward itself, the dictator exclaimed that the lieutenant Quinctius and his men had attacked the enemy from behind; he himself, renewing the shout, advanced the standards more fiercely.
§4.33.10cum duae acies, duo diversa proelia circumventos Etruscos et a fronte et ab tergo urgerent neque in castra retro neque in montes, unde se novus hostis obiecerat, iter fugae esset et equitem passim liberi frenis distulissent equi, Veientium maxima pars Tiberim effusi petunt, Fidenatium qui supersunt ad urbem Fidenas tendunt.
Since two lines and two different battles were pressing the surrounded Etruscans both from the front and from the rear, and there was no way of flight either back to the camp or to the mountains from where the new enemy had presented himself, and the horses free of bridles had scattered the cavalry everywhere, the greatest part of the Veientes in a rush sought the Tiber, while the surviving Fidenates directed their way to the city of Fidenae.
§4.33.11infert pavidos fuga in mediam caedem; obtruncantur in ripis; alios in aquam conpulsos gurgites ferunt; etiam peritos nandi lassitudo et vulnera et pavor degravant; pauci ex multis tranant.
Their flight carried the terrified men into the midst of slaughter; they were cut down on the banks; others, forced into the water, were carried away by the whirlpools; even those skilled in swimming were weighed down by weariness, wounds, and fear; few out of many swam across.
alterum agmen fertur per castra in urbem.
The other column was carried through the camp into the city.
§4.33.12eodem et Romanos sequentes impetus rapit, Quinctium maxime et cum eo degressos modo de montibus, recentissimum ad laborem militem, quia ultimo proelio advenerat.
The same impetus swept the pursuing Romans there also, especially Quinctius and those who had just descended from the mountains with him, soldiers freshest for the labor, because they had arrived at the very end of the battle.

Notes

  1. §4.33.1cum repente... erumpit — An instance of 'cum inversum' (inverted cum). The main clause (concusserat) describes an ongoing state or completed action, while the subordinate clause uses the indicative present (erumpit) to introduce a sudden, dramatic event.
  2. §4.33.3incendio similius quam proelio — The comparative adjective similius (neuter singular of similis) takes the datives incendio and proelio, meaning 'more like a fire than a battle', describing the strange and terrifying appearance of the enemy faced by the left wing.
  3. §4.33.7frenos ut detrahant equis — The noun equis is a dative of separation (or indirect object) with detrahant. This refers to the desperate cavalry tactic of removing the bridles from the horses so that they would charge blindly into the fire without being steered away by fear.
  4. §4.33.10cum duae acies, duo diversa proelia... urgerent — A historical cum-clause (cum with imperfect/pluperfect subjunctives urgerent, esset, and distulissent) describing the complex situation: two lines and two different battles pressing the enemy, lack of flight routes, and the scattered cavalry.
  5. §4.33.12recentissimum ad laborem militem — The adjective recentissimum is constructed with ad laborem ('freshest for the labor/battle') and modifies militem, which is in apposition to Quinctium et... degressos. The reason is explained by the following quia clause.

Cite this passage

Livy, History of Rome §4.33.1-4.33.12. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0914.phi001.humanitext-lat2:4.33.1-4.33.12

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