Humanitext Reader

Cornelius Nepos · Hannibal §11.1-11.7

Defeat of Eumenes Fleet Using Pots of Snakes

Passage 11 of 13 · Latin

Summary

Hannibal uses a messenger to identify King Eumenes' ship and orders a concentrated attack on it during the naval battle. He then employs the cunning strategy of throwing earthen vessels filled with snakes at the Pergamene fleet, throwing the enemy into confusion and securing a victory.

§11.1Tali cohortatione militum facta classis ab utrisque in proelium deducitur.
Having delivered such an encouragement to the soldiers, the fleet is led out into battle by both sides.
quarum acie constituta, priusquam signum pugnae daretur, Hannibal, ut palam faceret suis, quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium in scapha cum caduceo mittit.
When their line of battle was formed, before the signal for battle was given, Hannibal, in order to make clear to his men where Eumenes was, sends a messenger in a skiff with a herald's staff.
§11.2qui ubi ad naves adversariorum pervenit epistulamque ostendens se regem professus est quaerere, statim ad Eumenem deductus est, quod nemo dubitabat quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum.
When he reached the ships of the enemy, and showing a letter, declared that he was looking for the king, he was immediately conducted to Eumenes, because no one doubted that something about peace had been written.
tabellarius ducis nave declarata suis eodem, unde erat egressus, se recepit.
The messenger, having made the commander's ship clear to his men, retreated to the same place from which he had started.
§11.3at Eumenes soluta epistula nihil in ea repperit nisi quae ad irridendum eum pertinerent.
But Eumenes, having opened the letter, found nothing in it except what tended to ridicule him.
cuius rei etsi causam mirabatur neque reperiebat, tamen proelium statim committere non dubitavit.
Although he wondered at the reason for this and could not find it, he nevertheless did not hesitate to engage in battle immediately.
§11.4horum in concursu Bithyni Hannibalis praecepto universi navem Eumenis adoriuntur.
In the shock of these fleets, the Bithynians, by the order of Hannibal, all together attack the ship of Eumenes.
quorum vim rex cum sustinere non posset, fuga salutem petiit, quam consecutus non esset, nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset, quae in proximo litore erant collocata.
Since the king could not withstand their force, he sought safety in flight, which he would not have attained if he had not retreated within his own fortifications, which were situated on the nearest shore.
§11.5reliquae Pergamenae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius, repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra mentionem fecimus, conici coepta sunt.
While the remaining Pergamene ships were pressing their adversaries more fiercely, suddenly the earthen vessels, of which we made mention above, began to be thrown into them.
quae iacta initio risum pugnantibus concitarunt, neque quare id fieret poterat intellegi.
These being thrown excited laughter at first among the fighters, nor could it be understood why this was done.
§11.6postquam autem naves suas oppletas conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum, quid potissimum vitarent, non viderent, puppes verterunt seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt.
But after they saw their ships filled with snakes, terrified by the strange sight, since they did not see what they should avoid above all, they turned their sterns and retreated to their naval camp.
§11.7sic Hannibal consilio arma Pergamenorum superavit, neque tum solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis pari prudentia pepulit adversarios.
Thus Hannibal by strategy overcame the arms of the Pergamenians; nor did he defeat his adversaries with equal prudence only then, but often at other times with his land forces.

Notes

  1. 11.1quarum — Connecting relative pronoun. The antecedent is the preceding `classis` (feminine singular), which is referred to in the plural `quarum` due to its collective sense (the fleets of both sides).
  2. 11.2quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum — The clause with `quin` and the subjunctive (`esset scriptum`, imperfect passive) is used here because the verb of doubting `dubitabat` is accompanied by the negative `nemo`. It is translated as 'did not doubt that something had been written...'
  3. 11.3nisi quae ad irridendum eum pertinerent — `nisi` means 'except.' `quae` is a relative pronoun (neuter plural) whose antecedent is omitted. `pertinerent` is in the subjunctive of characteristic. The gerund `irridendum` with the preposition `ad` expresses purpose ('to ridicule him').
  4. 11.4quam consecutus non esset, nisi... — A conditional sentence contrary to fact in the past, using the pluperfect subjunctive in both the main clause (`consecutus non esset`) and the conditional clause (`nisi... se recepisset`), meaning 'which he would not have attained, if he had not retreated...'
  5. 11.5conici coepta sunt — The passive form of `coepi` (`coepta sunt`) is used in accordance with the Latin convention where the governing verb becomes passive when the dependent infinitive is passive (`conici`, 'to be thrown').
  6. 11.6quid potissimum vitarent — Subjunctive in an indirect question (acting as an imperfect subjunctive in the historical present context). It contains a dubitative or deliberative nuance: 'what they should avoid above all.'

Cite this passage

Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal §11.1-11.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0588.abo023.humanitext-lat2:11.1-11.7

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.