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Julius Caesar · Gallic War §3.12.1-3.12.5

Coastal Defenses of the Veneti and Difficulties of Siege

Passage 101 of 404 · Latin

Summary

Describes how the Veneti towns used their tidal geography for defense, how they easily evacuated by sea when pressured by Roman siege works, and how the Romans struggled with navigation due to harsh sea conditions and a lack of harbors.

§3.12.1Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum ut posita in extremis lingulis promunturiisque neque pedibus aditum haberent, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod [bis] accidit semper horarum XII spatio, neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis adflictarentur.
The situation of their towns was generally of such a nature that, being positioned on the extremities of narrow tongues of land and promontories, they neither had approach on foot when the tide had rushed in from the deep (which always happens twice in the space of twelve hours), nor by ships, because, as the tide ebbed again, the vessels would be damaged on the shallows.
§3.12.2Ita utraque re oppidorum oppugnatio impediebatur.
Thus, by both circumstances, the storming of the towns was obstructed.
§3.12.3Ac si quando magnitudine operis forte superati, extruso mari aggere ac molibus atque his oppidi moenibus adaequatis, suis fortunis desperare coeperant, magno numero navium adpulso, cuius rei summam facultatem habebant, omnia sua deportabant seque in proxima oppida recipiebant:
And if at any time, perchance overcome by the vast scale of our works—the sea having been shut out by a mound and dikes, and these having been raised to the level of the town walls—they began to despair of their fortunes, they would bring up a large number of ships, of which they had the greatest abundance, carry away all their possessions, and retreat to the nearest towns.
§3.12.4ibi se rursus isdem oportunitatibus loci defendebant.
There they would defend themselves again with the same advantages of the place.
§3.12.5Haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant quod nostrae naves tempestatibus detinebantur summaque erat vasto atque aperto mari, magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus difficultas navigandi.
They did this the more easily during a great part of the summer because our ships were detained by storms, and the difficulty of navigation was extreme on a vast and open sea, with great tides, and rare, almost non-existent harbors.

Notes

  1. §3.12.1posita — The perfect participle posita is neuter plural nominative, agreeing ad sensum with the logical subject oppida implied from the genitive oppidorum, rather than with the grammatical subject situs (masculine plural).
  2. §3.12.1ut posita ... haberent — Introduces a clause of result (consecutive clause) with the subjunctive imperfect haberent, corresponding to eius modi (of such a kind/nature) in the main clause.
  3. §3.12.3his oppidi moenibus adaequatis — his is a demonstrative pronoun (ablative plural) referring to the preceding aggere ac molibus (the mound and dikes). Together with the participle adaequatis, it forms an ablative absolute phrase meaning 'when these had been made equal (to the walls of the town)'.
  4. §3.12.5vasto atque aperto mari — An ablative of attendant circumstances (or cause) arranged in asyndeton (without conjunctions) with the following phrases magnis aestibus and raris...portibus, describing the environmental factors that caused the extreme difficultas (difficulty).

Cite this passage

Julius Caesar, Gallic War §3.12.1-3.12.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi001.humanitext-lat2:3.12.1-3.12.5

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