§9.prop.14ἐὰν ἐλάχιστος ἀριθμὸς ὑπὸ πρώτων ἀριθμῶν μετρῆται, ὑπʼ οὐδενὸς ἄλλου πρώτου ἀριθμοῦ μετρηθήσεται παρὲξ τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς μετρούντων.
If a least number be measured by prime numbers, it will not be measured by any other prime number except those which measure it from the beginning.
ἐλάχιστος γὰρ ἀριθμὸς ὁ Α ὑπὸ πρώτων ἀριθμῶν τῶν Β, Γ, Δ μετρείσθω·
For let the least number A be measured by prime numbers B, Γ, Δ; I say that A will not be measured by any other prime number except B, Γ, Δ.
λέγω, ὅτι ὁ Α ὑπʼ οὐδενὸς ἄλλου πρώτου ἀριθμοῦ μετρηθήσεται παρὲξ τῶν Β, Γ, Δ.
εἰ γὰρ δυνατόν, μετρείσθω ὑπὸ πρώτου τοῦ Ε, καὶ ὁ Ε μηδενὶ τῶν Β, Γ, Δ ἔστω ὁ αὐτός.
For, if possible, let it be measured by prime E, and let E be the same with none of B, Γ, Δ.
καὶ ἐπεὶ ὁ Ε τὸν Α μετρεῖ, μετρείτω αὐτὸν κατὰ τὸν Ζ· ὁ Ε ἄρα τὸν Ζ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Α πεποίηκεν.
And since E measures A, let it measure it according to Z; therefore E by multiplying Z has made A.
καὶ μετρεῖται ὁ Α ὑπὸ πρώτων ἀριθμῶν τῶν Β, Γ, Δ. ἐὰν δὲ δύο ἀριθμοὶ πολλαπλασιάσαντες ἀλλήλους ποιῶσί τινα, τὸν δὲ γενόμενον ἐξ αὐτῶν μετρῇ τις πρῶτος ἀριθμός, καὶ ἕνα τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς μετρήσει· οἱ Β, Γ, Δ ἄρα ἕνα τῶν Ε, Ζ μετρήσουσιν.
And A is measured by prime numbers B, Γ, Δ. But if two numbers by multiplying each other make some number, and some prime number measures the product made from them, it will also measure one of the numbers from the beginning; therefore B, Γ, Δ will measure one of E, Z.
τὸν μὲν οὖν Ε οὐ μετρήσουσιν· ὁ γὰρ Ε πρῶτός ἐστι καὶ οὐδενὶ τῶν Β, Γ, Δ ὁ αὐτός.
Indeed they will not measure E; for E is prime and is the same with none of B, Γ, Δ.
τὸν Ζ ἄρα μετροῦσιν ἐλάσσονα ὄντα τοῦ Α· ὅπερ ἀδύνατον.
Therefore they measure Z, which is less than A; which is impossible.
ὁ γὰρ Α ὑπόκειται ἐλάχιστος ὑπὸ τῶν Β, Γ, Δ μετρούμενος.
For A is assumed to be the least number measured by B, Γ, Δ.
οὐκ ἄρα τὸν Α μετρήσει πρῶτος ἀριθμὸς παρὲξ τῶν Β, Γ, Δ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore a prime number except B, Γ, Δ will not measure A; which it was required to prove.
§9.prop.15ἐὰν τρεῖς ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον ὦσιν ἐλάχιστοι τῶν τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐχόντων αὐτοῖς, δύο ὁποιοιοῦν συντεθέντες πρὸς τὸν λοιπὸν πρῶτοί εἰσιν.
If three numbers be continuously proportional, and are the least of those which have the same ratio with them, any two whatever added together are prime to the remaining one.
ἔστωσαν τρεῖς ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον ἐλάχιστοι τῶν τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐχόντων αὐτοῖς οἱ Α, Β, Γ·
Let three numbers continuously proportional, and the least of those having the same ratio with them, be A, B, Γ; I say that of A, B, Γ any two whatever added together are prime to the remaining one, A, B to Γ, B, Γ to A, and further A, Γ to B.
λέγω, ὅτι τῶν Α, Β, Γ δύο ὁποιοιοῦν συντεθέντες πρὸς τὸν λοιπὸν πρῶτοί εἰσιν, οἱ μὲν Α, Β πρὸς τὸν Γ, οἱ δὲ Β, Γ πρὸς τὸν Α καὶ ἔτι οἱ Α, Γ πρὸς τὸν Β.
εἰλήφθωσαν γὰρ ἐλάχιστοι ἀριθμοὶ τῶν τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐχόντων τοῖς Α, Β, Γ δύο οἱ ΔΕ, ΕΖ. φανερὸν δή, ὅτι ὁ μὲν ΔΕ ἑαυτὸν πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Α πεποίηκεν, τὸν δὲ ΕΖ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Β πεποίηκεν, καὶ ἔτι ὁ ΕΖ ἑαυτὸν πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Γ πεποίηκεν.
For let there be taken the least numbers having the same ratio with A, B, Γ, two numbers ΔE, EZ. It is indeed manifest that ΔE by multiplying itself has made A, and by multiplying EZ has made B, and further EZ by multiplying itself has made Γ.
καὶ ἐπεὶ οἱ ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἐλάχιστοί εἰσιν, πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν.
And since ΔE, EZ are the least, they are prime to each other.
ἐὰν δὲ δύο ἀριθμοί πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὦσιν, καὶ συναμφότερος πρὸς ἑκάτερον πρῶτός ἐστιν· καὶ ὁ ΔΖ ἄρα πρὸς ἑκάτερον τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρῶτός ἐστιν.
And if two numbers be prime to each other, the sum of both is also prime to each of them; therefore ΔZ also is prime to each of ΔE, EZ.
ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ὁ ΔΕ πρὸς τὸν ΕΖ πρῶτός ἐστιν· οἱ ΔΖ, ΔΕ ἄρα πρὸς τὸν ΕΖ πρῶτοί εἰσιν.
But indeed ΔE also is prime to EZ; therefore ΔZ, ΔE are prime to EZ.
ἐὰν δὲ δύο ἀριθμοὶ πρός τινα ἀριθμὸν πρῶτοι ὦσιν, καὶ ὁ ἐξ αὐτῶν γενόμενος πρὸς τὸν λοιπὸν πρῶτός ἐστιν· ὥστε ὁ ἐκ τῶν ΖΔ, ΔΕ πρὸς τὸν ΕΖ πρῶτός ἐστιν· ὥστε καὶ ὁ ἐκ τῶν ΖΔ, ΔΕ πρὸς τὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ΕΖ πρῶτός ἐστιν. .
And if two numbers be prime to any number, their product is also prime to the remaining one; so that the product of ZΔ, ΔE is prime to EZ; so that the product of ZΔ, ΔE is also prime to the square on EZ.
ἀλλʼ ὁ ἐκ τῶν ΖΔ, ΔΕ ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ ΔΕ ἐστι μετὰ τοῦ ἐκ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ· ὁ ἄρα ἀπὸ τοῦ ΔΕ μετὰ τοῦ ἐκ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρὸς τὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ΕΖ πρῶτός ἐστιν.
But the product of ZΔ, ΔE is equal to the square on ΔE together with the product of ΔE, EZ; therefore the square on ΔE together with the product of ΔE, EZ is prime to the square on EZ.
καί ἐστιν ὁ μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ ΔΕ ὁ Α, ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ ὁ Β, ὁ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ΕΖ ὁ Γ· οἱ Α, Β ἄρα συντεθέντες πρὸς τὸν Γ πρῶτοί εἰσιν.
And the square on ΔE is A, the product of ΔE, EZ is B, and the square on EZ is Γ; therefore A, B added together are prime to Γ.
ὁμοίως δὴ δείξομεν, ὅτι καὶ οἱ Β, Γ πρὸς τὸν Α πρῶτοί εἰσιν.
Similarly indeed we will show that B, Γ also are prime to A.
λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ οἱ Α, Γ πρὸς τὸν Β πρῶτοί εἰσιν.
I say indeed that A, Γ also are prime to B.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ὁ ΔΖ πρὸς ἑκάτερον τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρῶτός ἐστιν, καὶ ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ ΔΖ πρὸς τὸν ἐκ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρῶτός ἐστιν.
For since ΔZ is prime to each of ΔE, EZ, the square on ΔZ is also prime to the product of ΔE, EZ.
ἀλλὰ τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ ΔΖ ἴσοι εἰσὶν οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ μετὰ τοῦ δὶς ἐκ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ· καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἄρα μετὰ τοῦ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρὸς τὸν ὑπὸ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρῶτοί.
But to the square on ΔZ are equal the squares on ΔE, EZ together with twice the product of ΔE, EZ; therefore the squares on ΔE, EZ together with twice the product of ΔE, EZ are prime to the product of ΔE, EZ.
διελόντι οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ μετὰ τοῦ ἅπαξ ὑπὸ ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρὸς τὸν ὑπὸ ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρῶτοί εἰσιν.
By separation, the squares on ΔE, EZ together with once the product of ΔE, EZ are prime to the product of ΔE, EZ.
ἔτι διελόντι οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἄρα πρὸς τὸν ὑπὸ ΔΕ, ΕΖ πρῶτοί εἰσιν.
By further separation, therefore, the squares on ΔE, EZ are prime to the product of ΔE, EZ.
καί ἐστιν ὁ μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ ΔΕ ὁ Α, ὁ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ ὁ Β, ὁ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ΕΖ ὁ Γ. οἱ Α, Γ ἄρα συντεθέντες πρὸς τὸν Β πρῶτοί εἰσιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
And the square on ΔE is A, the product of ΔE, EZ is B, and the square on EZ is Γ. Therefore, A, Γ added together are prime to B; which it was required to prove.