§8.prop.21ἐὰν δύο ἀριθμῶν δύο μέσοι ἀνάλογον ἐμπίπτωσιν ἀριθμοί, ὅμοιοι στερεοί εἰσιν οἱ ἀριθμοί.
If two numbers fall between two numbers in continued proportion, the numbers will be similar solid numbers.
δύο γὰρ ἀριθμῶν τῶν Α, Β δύο μέσοι ἀνάλογον ἐμπιπτέτωσαν ἀριθμοὶ οἱ Γ, Δ· λέγω, ὅτι οἱ Α, Β ὅμοιοι στερεοί εἰσιν.
For let two numbers Γ, Δ fall between two numbers A, B in continued proportion; I say that A, B are similar solid numbers.
εἰλήφθωσαν γὰρ ἐλάχιστοι ἀριθμοὶ τῶν τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐχόντων τοῖς Α, Γ, Δ τρεῖς οἱ Ε, Ζ, Η· οἱ ἄρα ἄκροι αὐτῶν οἱ Ε, Η πρῶτοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσίν.
For let the least three numbers E, Z, H of those having the same ratio as A, Γ, Δ be taken; therefore their extremes E, H are prime to one another.
καὶ ἐπεὶ τῶν Ε, Η εἷς μέσος ἀνάλογον ἐμπέπτωκεν ἀριθμὸς ὁ Ζ, οἱ Ε, Η ἄρα ἀριθμοὶ ὅμοιοι ἐπίπεδοί εἰσιν.
And since one number Z has fallen between E, H in continued proportion, therefore the numbers E, H are similar plane numbers.
ἔστωσαν οὖν τοῦ μὲν Ε πλευραὶ οἱ Θ, Κ, τοῦ δὲ Η οἱ Λ, Μ. φανερὸν ἄρα ἐστὶν ἐκ τοῦ πρὸ τούτου, ὅτι οἱ Ε, Ζ, Η ἑξῆς εἰσιν ἀνάλογον ἔν τε τῷ τοῦ Θ πρὸς τὸν Λ λόγῳ καὶ τῷ τοῦ Κ πρὸς τὸν Μ. καὶ ἐπεὶ οἱ Ε, Ζ, Η ἐλάχιστοί εἰσι τῶν τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐχόντων τοῖς Α, Γ, Δ, καί ἐστιν ἴσον τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Ε, Ζ, Η τῷ πλήθει τῶν Α, Γ, Δ, διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Η, οὕτως ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Δ. οἱ δὲ Ε, Η πρῶτοι, οἱ δὲ πρῶτοι καὶ ἐλάχιστοι, οἱ δὲ ἐλάχιστοι μετροῦσι τοὺς τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἔχοντας αὐτοῖς ἰσάκις ὅ τε μείζων τὸν μείζονα καὶ ὁ ἐλάσσων τὸν ἐλάσσονα, τουτέστιν ὅ τε ἡγούμενος τὸν ἡγούμενον καὶ ὁ ἑπόμενος τὸν ἑπόμενον· ἰσάκις ἄρα ὁ Ε τὸν Α μετρεῖ καὶ ὁ Η τὸν Δ. ὁσάκις δὴ ὁ Ε τὸν Α μετρεῖ, τοσαῦται μονάδες ἔστωσαν ἐν τῷ Ν. ὁ Ν ἄρα τὸν Ε πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Α πεποίηκεν.
Therefore let the sides of E be Θ, K, and those of H be Λ, M. Therefore it is manifest from the proposition before this that E, Z, H are continuously proportional both in the ratio of Θ to Λ and in that of K to M. And since E, Z, H are the least of those having the same ratio as A, Γ, Δ, and the multitude of E, Z, H is equal to the multitude of A, Γ, Δ, therefore, ex aequali, as E is to H, so is A to Δ. But E, H are prime, and those which are prime are also least, and the least numbers measure those which have the same ratio as them the same number of times, the greater the greater and the less the less, that is, the antecedent the antecedent and the consequent the consequent; therefore E measures A the same number of times as H measures Δ. Now let there be as many units in N as the times E measures A; therefore N by multiplying E has made A.
ὁ δὲ Ε ἐστιν ὁ ἐκ τῶν Θ, Κ· ὁ Ν ἄρα τὸν ἐκ τῶν Θ, Κ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Α πεποίηκεν.
But E is the product of Θ, K; therefore N by multiplying the product of Θ, K has made A.
στερεὸς ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ Α, πλευραὶ δὲ αὐτοῦ εἰσιν οἱ Θ, Κ, Ν. πάλιν, ἐπεὶ οἱ Ε, Ζ, Η ἐλάχιστοί εἰσι τῶν τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐχόντων τοῖς Γ, Δ, Β, ἰσάκις ἄρα ὁ Ε τὸν Γ μετρεῖ καὶ ὁ Η τὸν Β. ὁσάκις δὴ ὁ Ε τὸν Γ μετρεῖ, τοσαῦται μονάδες ἔστωσαν ἐν τῷ Ξ. ὁ Η ἄρα τὸν Β μετρεῖ κατὰ τὰς ἐν τῷ Ξ μονάδας· ὁ Ξ ἄρα τὸν Η πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Β πεποίηκεν.
Therefore A is a solid number, and its sides are Θ, K, N. Again, since E, Z, H are the least of those having the same ratio as Γ, Δ, B, therefore E measures Γ the same number of times as H measures B. Now let there be as many units in Ξ as the times E measures Γ; therefore H measures B according to the units in Ξ; therefore Ξ by multiplying H has made B.
ὁ δὲ Η ἐστιν ὁ ἐκ τῶν Λ, Μ· ὁ Ξ ἄρα τὸν ἐκ τῶν Λ, Μ πολλαπλασιάσας τὸν Β πεποίηκεν.
But H is the product of Λ, M; therefore Ξ by multiplying the product of Λ, M has made B.
στερεὸς ἄρα ἐστὶν ὁ Β, πλευραὶ δὲ αὐτοῦ εἰσιν οἱ Λ, Μ, Ξ· οἱ Α, Β ἄρα στερεοί εἰσιν.
Therefore B is a solid number, and its sides are Λ, M, Ξ; therefore A, B are solid numbers.
λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ὅμοιοι.
Now I say that they are also similar.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ οἱ Ν, Ξ τὸν Ε πολλαπλασιάσαντες τοὺς Α, Γ πεποιήκασιν, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ Ν πρὸς τὸν Ξ, ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Γ, τουτέστιν ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Ζ. ἀλλʼ ὡς ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Ζ, ὁ Θ πρὸς τὸν Λ καὶ ὁ Κ πρὸς τὸν Μ· καὶ ὡς ἄρα ὁ Θ πρὸς τὸν Λ, οὕτως ὁ Κ πρὸς τὸν Μ καὶ ὁ Ν πρὸς τὸν Ξ. καί εἰσιν οἱ μὲν Θ, Κ, Ν πλευραὶ τοῦ Α, οἱ δὲ Ξ, Λ, Μ πλευραὶ τοῦ Β. οἱ Α, Β ἄρα ἀριθμοὶ ὅμοιοι στερεοί εἰσιν· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
For since N, Ξ by multiplying E have made A, Γ, therefore, as N is to Ξ, so is A to Γ, that is, E to Z. But, as E is to Z, so is Θ to Λ and K to M; therefore also, as Θ is to Λ, so is K to M and N to Ξ. And Θ, K, N are sides of A, and Ξ, Λ, M are sides of B. Therefore the numbers A, B are similar solid numbers; which it was required to prove.
§8.prop.22ἐὰν τρεῖς ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον ὦσιν, ὁ δὲ πρῶτος τετράγωνος ᾖ, καὶ ὁ τρίτος τετράγωνος ἔσται.
If three numbers are continuously proportional, and the first is a square, the third will also be a square.
ἔστωσαν τρεῖς ἀριθμοὶ ἑξῆς ἀνάλογον οἱ Α, Β, Γ, ὁ δὲ πρῶτος ὁ Α τετράγωνος ἔστω· λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ὁ τρίτος ὁ Γ τετράγωνός ἐστιν.
Let three numbers A, B, Γ be continuously proportional, and let the first A be a square; I say that the third Γ is also a square.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ τῶν Α, Γ εἷς μέσος ἀνάλογόν ἐστιν ἀριθμὸς ὁ Β, οἱ Α, Γ ἄρα ὅμοιοι ἐπίπεδοί εἰσιν.
For since one number B is in continued proportion between A, Γ, therefore A, Γ are similar plane numbers.
τετράγωνος δὲ ὁ Α· τετράγωνος ἄρα καὶ ὁ Γ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
But A is a square; therefore Γ is also a square; which it was required to prove.