§7.prop.13ἐὰν τέσσαρες ἀριθμοὶ ἀνάλογον ὦσιν, καὶ ἐναλλὰξ ἀνάλογον ἔσονται.
If four numbers be proportional, they will also be proportional alternately.
ἔστωσαν τέσσαρες ἀριθμοὶ ἀνάλογον οἱ Α, Β, Γ, Δ, ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Γ πρὸς τὸν Δ· λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ἐναλλὰξ ἀνάλογον ἔσονται, ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Γ, οὕτως ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Δ.
ἐπεὶ γάρ ἐστιν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Γ πρὸς τὸν Δ, ὃ ἄρα μέρος ἐστὶν ὁ Α τοῦ Β ἢ μέρη, τὸ αὐτὸ μέρος ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ Γ τοῦ Δ ἢ τὰ αὐτὰ μέρη.
Let four numbers A, B, Γ, Δ be proportional, as A is to B, so Γ to Δ; I say that they will also be proportional alternately, as A is to Γ, so B to Δ. For since as A is to B, so is Γ to Δ, therefore, what part or parts A is of B, the same part or parts Γ is also of Δ.
ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα, ὃ μέρος ἐστὶν ὁ Α τοῦ Γ ἢ μέρη, τὸ αὐτὸ μέρος ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ Β τοῦ Δ ἢ τὰ αὐτὰ μέρη.
Therefore, alternately, what part or parts A is of Γ, the same part or parts B is also of Δ.
ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Γ, οὕτως ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Δ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore, as A is to Γ, so is B to Δ; which was to be proved.
§7.prop.14ἐὰν ὦσιν ὁποσοιοῦν ἀριθμοὶ καὶ ἄλλοι αὐτοῖς ἴσοι τὸ πλῆθος σύνδυο λαμβανόμενοι καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, καὶ διʼ ἴσου ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ ἔσονται.
If there be any number of numbers, and others equal to them in multitude, which taken two and two are in the same ratio, they will also be in the same ratio ex aequali.
ἔστωσαν ὁποσοιοῦν ἀριθμοὶ οἱ Α, Β, Γ καὶ ἄλλοι αὐτοῖς ἴσοι τὸ πλῆθος σύνδυο λαμβανόμενοι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ οἱ Δ, Ε, Ζ, ὡς μὲν ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ε, ὡς δὲ ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Γ, οὕτως ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Ζ· λέγω, ὅτι καὶ διʼ ἴσου ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Γ, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ζ.
ἐπεὶ γάρ ἐστιν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Β, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ε, ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Δ, οὕτως ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Ε. πάλιν, ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Γ, οὕτως ὁ Ε πρὸς τὸν Ζ, ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Ε, οὕτως ὁ Γ πρὸς τὸν Ζ. ὡς δὲ ὁ Β πρὸς τὸν Ε, οὕτως ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν δ· καὶ ὡς ἄρα ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Δ, οὕτως ὁ Γ πρὸς τὸν Ζ·
Let there be any number of numbers A, B, Γ, and others equal to them in multitude, which taken two and two are in the same ratio, Δ, E, Z, so that, as A is to B, so is Δ to E, and, as B is to Γ, so is E to Z; I say that also ex aequali, as A is to Γ, so is Δ to Z. For since as A is to B, so is Δ to E, therefore, alternately, as A is to Δ, so is B to E. Again, since as B is to Γ, so is E to Z, therefore, alternately, as B is to E, so is Γ to Z. And as B is to E, so is A to Δ; therefore also, as A is to Δ, so is Γ to Z.
ἐναλλὰξ ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ Α πρὸς τὸν Γ, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ζ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore, alternately, as A is to Γ, so is Δ to Z; which was to be proved.
§7.prop.15ἐὰν μονὰς ἀριθμόν τινα μετρῇ, ἰσάκις δὲ ἕτερος ἀριθμὸς ἄλλον τινὰ ἀριθμὸν μετρῇ, καὶ ἐναλλὰξ ἰσάκις ἡ μονὰς τὸν τρίτον ἀριθμὸν μετρήσει καὶ ὁ δεύτερος τὸν τέταρτον.
If a unit measure any number, and another number measure any other number the same number of times, alternately also, the unit will measure the third number the same number of times that the second measures the fourth.
μονὰς γὰρ ἡ Α ἀριθμόν τινα τὸν ΒΓ μετρείτω, ἰσάκις δὲ ἕτερος ἀριθμὸς ὁ Δ ἄλλον τινὰ ἀριθμὸν τὸν ΕΖ μετρείτω· λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ἐναλλὰξ ἰσάκις ἡ Α μονὰς τὸν Δ ἀριθμὸν μετρεῖ καὶ ὁ ΒΓ τὸν ΕΖ.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἰσάκις ἡ Α μονὰς τὸν ΒΓ ἀριθμὸν μετρεῖ καὶ ὁ Δ τὸν ΕΖ, ὅσαι ἄρα εἰσὶν ἐν τῷ ΒΓ μονάδες, τοσοῦτοί εἰσι καὶ ἐν τῷ ΕΖ ἀριθμοὶ ἴσοι τῷ Δ. διῃρήσθω ὁ μὲν ΒΓ εἰς τὰς ἐν ἑαυτῷ μονάδας τὰς ΒΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΓ, ὁ δὲ ΕΖ εἰς τοὺς τῷ Δ ἴσους τοὺς ΕΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΖ. ἔσται δὴ ἴσον τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ΒΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΓ τῷ πλήθει τῶν ΕΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΖ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴσαι εἰσὶν αἱ ΒΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΓ μονάδες ἀλλήλαις, εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ ΕΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΖ ἀριθμοὶ ἴσοι ἀλλήλοις, καί ἐστιν ἴσον τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ΒΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΓ μονάδων τῷ πλήθει τῶν ΕΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΖ ἀριθμῶν, ἔσται ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΒΗ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν ΕΚ ἀριθμόν, οὕτως ἡ ΗΘ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν ΚΛ ἀριθμὸν καὶ ἡ ΘΓ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν ΛΖ ἀριθμόν.
For let the unit A measure any number BΓ, and let another number Δ measure any other number ΕΖ the same number of times; I say that alternately also, the unit A measures the number Δ the same number of times that BΓ measures ΕΖ. For since the unit A measures the number BΓ the same number of times that Δ measures ΕΖ, therefore, as many units as there are in BΓ, so many numbers equal to Δ are there also in ΕΖ. Let BΓ be divided into the units in it, namely ΒΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΓ, and ΕΖ into the numbers ΕΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΖ equal to Δ; then the multitude of ΒΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΓ will be equal to the multitude of ΕΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΖ. And since the units ΒΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΓ are equal to one another, and the numbers ΕΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΖ are also equal to one another, and the multitude of the units ΒΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΓ is equal to the multitude of the numbers ΕΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΖ, therefore, as the unit ΒΗ is to the number ΕΚ, so will the unit ΗΘ be to the number ΚΛ, and the unit ΘΓ to the number ΛΖ.
ἔσται ἄρα καὶ ὡς εἷς τῶν ἡγουμένων πρὸς ἕνα τῶν ἑπομένων, οὕτως ἅπαντες οἱ ἡγούμενοι πρὸς ἅπαντας τοὺς ἑπομένους· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΒΗ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν ΕΚ ἀριθμόν, οὕτως ὁ ΒΓ πρὸς τὸν ΕΖ. ἴση δὲ ἡ ΒΗ μονὰς τῇ Α μονάδι, ὁ δὲ ΕΚ ἀριθμὸς τῷ Δ ἀριθμῷ.
Therefore, as one of the antecedents is to one of the consequents, so will all the antecedents be to all the consequents; therefore, as the unit ΒΗ is to the number ΕΚ, so is BΓ to ΕΖ.
ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ Α μονὰς πρὸς τὸν Δ ἀριθμόν, οὕτως ὁ ΒΓ πρὸς τὸν ΕΖ. ἰσάκις ἄρα ἡ Α μονὰς τὸν Δ ἀριθμὸν μετρεῖ καὶ ὁ ΒΓ τὸν ΕΖ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
But the unit ΒΗ is equal to the unit A, and the number ΕΚ is equal to the number Δ; therefore, as the unit A is to the number Δ, so is BΓ to ΕΖ. Therefore, the unit A measures the number Δ the same number of times that BΓ measures ΕΖ; which was to be proved.