§6.prop.9τῆς δοθείσης εὐθείας τὸ προσταχθὲν μέρος ἀφελεῖν.
To cut off from a given straight line a prescribed part.
ἔστω ἡ δοθεῖσα εὐθεῖα ἡ ΑΒ· δεῖ δὴ τῆς ΑΒ τὸ προσταχθὲν μέρος ἀφελεῖν.
Let the given straight line be AB; it is required indeed to cut off from AB the prescribed part.
Ἐπιτετάχθω δὴ τὸ τρίτον.
Let it be prescribed, for example, to be the third part.
διήχθω τις ἀπὸ τοῦ α εὐθεῖα ἡ ΑΓ γωνίαν περιέχουσα μετὰ τῆς ΑΒ τυχοῦσαν· καὶ εἰλήφθω τυχὸν σημεῖον ἐπὶ τῆς ΑΓ τὸ Δ, καὶ κείσθωσαν τῇ ΑΔ ἴσαι αἱ ΔΕ, ΕΓ. καὶ ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ΒΓ, καὶ διὰ τοῦ Δ παράλληλος αὐτῇ ἤχθω ἡ ΔΖ.
ἐπεὶ οὖν τριγώνου τοῦ ΑΒΓ παρὰ μίαν τῶν πλευρῶν τὴν ΒΓ ἦκται ἡ ΖΔ, ἀνάλογον ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΓΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΑ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΑ. διπλῆ δὲ ἡ ΓΔ τῆς ΔΑ·
Let some straight line AC be drawn from A making with AB any angle; and let a point D be taken at random on AC, and let DE, EC be made equal to AD. And let BC be joined, and through D let DZ be drawn parallel to it. Since then, parallel to one of the sides of the triangle ABC, namely BC, ZD has been drawn, therefore, proportionally, as CD is to DA, so is BZ to ZA.
διπλῆ ἄρα καὶ ἡ ΒΖ τῆς ΖΑ· τριπλῆ ἄρα ἡ ΒΑ τῆς ΑΖ.
τῆς ἄρα δοθείσης εὐθείας τῆς ΑΒ τὸ ἐπιταχθὲν τρίτον μέρος ἀφῄρηται τὸ ΑΖ· ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι.
And CD is double of DA; therefore BZ is also double of ZA; therefore BA is triple of AZ. Therefore, from the given straight line AB, the prescribed third part AZ has been cut off; which was to be done.
§6.prop.10τὴν δοθεῖσαν εὐθεῖαν ἄτμητον τῇ δοθείσῃ τετμημένῃ ὁμοίως τεμεῖν.
To cut a given uncut straight line similarly to a given cut straight line.
ἔστω ἡ μὲν δοθεῖσα εὐθεῖα ἄτμητος ἡ ΑΒ, ἡ δὲ τετμημένη ἡ ΑΓ κατὰ τὰ Δ, Ε σημεῖα, καὶ κείσθωσαν ὥστε γωνίαν τυχοῦσαν περιέχειν, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ΓΒ, καὶ διὰ τῶν Δ, Ε τῇ ΒΓ παράλληλοι ἤχθωσαν αἱ ΔΖ, ΕΗ, διὰ δὲ τοῦ Δ τῇ ΑΒ παράλληλος ἤχθω ἡ ΔΘΚ.
παραλληλόγραμμον ἄρα ἐστὶν ἑκάτερον τῶν ΖΘ, ΘΒ· ἴση ἄρα ἡ μὲν ΔΘ τῇ ΖΗ, ἡ δὲ ΘΚ τῇ ΗΒ. καὶ ἐπεὶ τριγώνου τοῦ ΔΚΓ παρὰ μίαν τῶν πλευρῶν τὴν ΚΓ εὐθεῖα ἦκται ἡ ΘΕ, ἀνάλογον ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΓΕ πρὸς τὴν ΕΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΚΘ πρὸς τὴν ΘΔ. ἴση δὲ ἡ μὲν ΚΘ τῇ ΒΗ, ἡ δὲ ΘΔ τῇ ΗΖ. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΓΕ πρὸς τὴν ΕΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΗ πρὸς τὴν ΗΖ. πάλιν, ἐπεὶ τριγώνου τοῦ ΑΗΕ παρὰ μίαν τῶν πλευρῶν τὴν ΗΕ ἦκται ἡ ΖΔ, ἀνάλογον ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΕΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΑ, οὕτως ἡ ΗΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΑ. ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ ὡς ἡ ΓΕ πρὸς τὴν ΕΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΗ πρὸς τὴν ΗΖ· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς μὲν ἡ ΓΕ πρὸς τὴν ΕΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΒΗ πρὸς τὴν ΗΖ, ὡς δὲ ἡ ΕΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΑ, οὕτως ἡ ΗΖ πρὸς τὴν ΖΑ.
ἡ ἄρα δοθεῖσα εὐθεῖα ἄτμητος ἡ ΑΒ τῇ δοθείσῃ εὐθείᾳ τετμημένῃ τῇ ΑΓ ὁμοίως τέτμηται· ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι.
Let AB be the given uncut straight line, and AC the cut straight line, cut at the points D, E; and let them be placed so as to contain any angle; and let CB be joined, and through D, E let DZ, EH be drawn parallel to BC, and through D let DHK be drawn parallel to AB. Therefore each of ZH, HB is a parallelogram; therefore DK is equal to ZH, and HK to HB. And since, parallel to one of the sides of the triangle DKC, namely KC, the straight line HE has been drawn, therefore, proportionally, as CE is to ED, so is KH to HD. And KH is equal to BH, and HD to HZ; therefore, as CE is to ED, so is BH to HZ. Again, since, parallel to one of the sides of the triangle AHE, namely HE, ZD has been drawn, therefore, proportionally, as ED is to DA, so is HZ to ZA. And it was also proved that, as CE is to ED, so is BH to HZ; therefore, as CE is to ED, so is BH to HZ, and as ED is to DA, so is HZ to ZA. Therefore, the given uncut straight line AB has been cut similarly to the given cut straight line AC; which was to be done.
§6.prop.11δύο δοθεισῶν εὐθειῶν τρίτην ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν.
To two given straight lines to find a third proportional.
ἔστωσαν αἱ δοθεῖσαι αἱ ΒΑ, ΑΓ καὶ κείσθωσαν γωνίαν περιέχουσαι τυχοῦσαν. δεῖ δὴ τῶν ΒΑ, ΑΓ τρίτην ἀνάλογον προσευρεῖν.
Let the two given straight lines be BA, AC, and let them be placed containing any angle; it is required indeed to find a third proportional to BA, AC.
ἐκβεβλήσθωσαν γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰ Δ, Ε σημεῖα, καὶ κείσθω τῇ ΑΓ ἴση ἡ ΒΔ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ΒΓ, καὶ διὰ τοῦ Δ παράλληλος αὐτῇ ἤχθω ἡ ΔΕ.
ἐπεὶ οὖν τριγώνου τοῦ ΑΔΕ παρὰ μίαν τῶν πλευρῶν τὴν ΔΕ ἦκται ἡ ΒΓ, ἀνάλογόν ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΔ, οὕτως ἡ ΑΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΕ. ἴση δὲ ἡ ΒΔ τῇ ΑΓ. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς τὴν ΑΓ, οὕτως ἡ ΑΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΕ.
δύο ἄρα δοθεισῶν εὐθειῶν τῶν ΑΒ, ΑΓ τρίτη ἀνάλογον αὐταῖς προσεύρηται ἡ ΓΕ· ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι.
For let them be produced to the points D, E, and let BD be made equal to AC, and let BC be joined, and through D let DE be drawn parallel to it. Since then, parallel to one of the sides of the triangle ADE, namely DE, BC has been drawn, proportionally, as AB is to BD, so is AC to CE. And BD is equal to AC; therefore, as AB is to AC, so is AC to CE. Therefore, to two given straight lines AB, AC, a third proportional to them, CE, has been found; which was to be done.