§4.prop.12περὶ τὸν δοθέντα κύκλον πεντάγωνον ἰσόπλευρόν τε καὶ ἰσογώνιον περιγράψαι.
To circumscribe an equilateral and equiangular pentagon about the given circle.
ἔστω ὁ δοθεὶς κύκλος ὁ ΑΒΓΔΕ· δεῖ 2 περὶ τὸν ΑΒΓΔΕ κύκλον πεντάγωνον ἰσόπλευρόν τε καὶ ἰσογώνιον περιγράψαι.
Let the given circle be ABCDE; it is required then to circumscribe an equilateral and equiangular pentagon about the circle ABCDE.
νενοήσθω τοῦ ἐγγεγραμμένου πενταγώνου τῶν γωνιῶν σημεῖα τὰ Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, ὥστε ἴσας εἶναι τὰς ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ΓΔ, ΔΕ, ΕΑ περιφερείας· καὶ διὰ τῶν Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε ἤχθωσαν τοῦ κύκλου ἐφαπτόμεναι αἱ ΗΘ, ΘΚ, ΚΛ, ΛΜ, ΜΗ, καὶ εἰλήφθω τοῦ ΑΒΓΔΕ κύκλου κέντρον τὸ Ζ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθωσαν αἱ ΖΒ, ΖΚ, ΖΓ, ΖΛ, ΖΔ.
καὶ ἐπεὶ ἡ μὲν ΚΛ εὐθεῖα ἐφάπτεται τοῦ ΑΒΓΔΕ κατὰ τὸ Γ, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Ζ κέντρου ἐπὶ τὴν κατὰ τὸ Γ ἐπαφὴν ἐπέζευκται ἡ ΖΓ, ἡ ΖΓ ἄρα κάθετός ἐστιν ἐπὶ τὴν ΚΛ· ὀρθὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἑκατέρα τῶν πρὸς τῷ Γ γωνιῶν.
Let the points A, B, C, D, E of the angles of the inscribed pentagon be conceived, so that the circumferences AB, BC, CD, DE, EA are equal; and through A, B, C, D, E let HG, GK, KL, LM, MH be drawn touching the circle, and let the center F of the circle ABCDE be taken, and let FB, FK, FC, FL, FD be joined. And since the straight line KL touches the circle ABCDE at C, and FC has been joined from the center F to the point of contact at C, therefore FC is perpendicular to KL; therefore each of the angles at C is right.
διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ αἱ πρὸς τοῖς Β, Δ σημείοις γωνίαι ὀρθαί εἰσιν.
For the same reasons the angles at the points B, D are also right.
καὶ ἐπεὶ ὀρθή ἐστιν ἡ ὑπὸ ΖΓΚ γωνία, τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΚ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΖΓ, ΓΚ. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΖΒ, ΒΚ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΚ· ὥστε τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΖΓ, ΓΚ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΖΒ, ΒΚ ἐστιν ἴσα, ὧν τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΓ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΒ ἐστιν ἴσον· λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΚ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΚ ἐστιν ἴσον.
And since the angle FCK is right, therefore the square on FK is equal to the squares on FC, CK. For the same reasons the square on FK is also equal to the squares on FB, BK; so that the squares on FC, CK are equal to the squares on FB, BK, of which the square on FC is equal to the square on FB; therefore the remainder, the square on CK, is equal to the square on BK.
ἴση ἄρα ἡ ΒΚ τῇ ΓΚ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΖΒ τῇ ΖΓ, καὶ κοινὴ ἡ ΖΚ, δύο δὴ αἱ ΒΖ, ΖΚ δυσὶ ταῖς ΓΖ, ΖΚ ἴσαι εἰσίν· καὶ βάσις ἡ ΒΚ βάσει τῇ ΓΚ ἴση· γωνία ἄρα ἡ μὲν ὑπὸ ΒΖΚ τῇ ὑπὸ ΚΖΓ ἐστιν ἴση· ἡ δὲ ὑπὸ ΒΚΖ τῇ ὑπὸ ΖΚΓ·
Therefore BK is equal to CK. And since FB is equal to FC, and FK is common, therefore the two straight lines BF, FK are equal to the two straight lines CF, FK; and the base BK is equal to the base CK; therefore the angle BFK is equal to the angle KFC, and the angle BKF to the angle FKC.
διπλῆ ἄρα ἡ μὲν ὑπὸ ΒΖΓ τῆς ὑπὸ ΚΖΓ, ἡ δὲ ὑπὸ ΒΚΓ τῆς ὑπὸ ΖΚΓ. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ἡ μὲν ὑπὸ ΓΖΔ τῆς ὑπὸ ΓΖΛ ἐστι διπλῆ, ἡ δὲ ὑπὸ ΔΛΓ τῆς ὑπὸ ΖΛΓ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΓ περιφέρεια τῇ ΓΔ, ἴση ἐστὶ καὶ γωνία ἡ ὑπὸ ΒΖΓ τῇ ὑπὸ ΓΖΔ. καί ἐστιν ἡ μὲν ὑπὸ ΒΖΓ τῆς ὑπὸ ΚΖΓ διπλῆ, ἡ δὲ ὑπὸ ΔΖΓ τῆς ὑπὸ ΛΖΓ· ἴση ἄρα καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΚΖΓ τῇ ὑπὸ ΛΖΓ·
Therefore the angle BFC is double of the angle KFC, and the angle BKC of the angle FKC. For the same reasons the angle CFD is also double of the angle CFL, and the angle DLC of the angle FLC. And since the circumference BC is equal to the circumference CD, the angle BFC is also equal to the angle CFD. And the angle BFC is double of the angle KFC, and the angle DFC is double of the angle LFC; therefore the angle KFC is also equal to the angle LFC.
ἐστὶ δὲ καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΖΓΚ γωνία τῇ ὑπὸ ΖΓΛ ἴση.
And the angle FCK is also equal to the angle FCL.
δύο δὴ τρίγωνά ἐστι τὰ ΖΚΓ, ΖΛΓ τὰς δύο γωνίας ταῖς δυσὶ γωνίαις ἴσας ἔχοντα καὶ μίαν πλευρὰν μιᾷ πλευρᾷ ἴσην κοινὴν αὐτῶν τὴν ΖΓ· καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς ἄρα πλευρὰς ταῖς λοιπαῖς πλευραῖς ἴσας ἕξει καὶ τὴν λοιπὴν γωνίαν τῇ λοιπῇ γωνίᾳ· ἴση ἄρα ἡ μὲν ΚΓ εὐθεῖα τῇ ΓΛ, ἡ δὲ ὑπὸ ΖΚΓ γωνία τῇ ὑπὸ ΖΛΓ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΓ τῇ ΓΛ, διπλῆ ἄρα ἡ ΚΛ τῆς ΚΓ. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ δειχθήσεται καὶ ἡ ΘΚ τῆς ΒΚ διπλῆ.
Therefore there are two triangles FKC, FLC having two angles equal to two angles and one side equal to one side, namely their common side FC; therefore they will also have the remaining sides equal to the remaining sides and the remaining angle to the remaining angle; therefore the straight line KC is equal to CL, and the angle FKC to the angle FLC. And since KC is equal to CL, therefore KL is double of KC. For the same reasons GK will also be proved to be double of BK.
καί ἐστιν ἡ ΒΚ τῇ ΚΓ ἴση· καὶ ἡ ΘΚ ἄρα τῇ ΚΛ ἐστιν ἴση.
And BK is equal to KC; therefore GK is also equal to KL.
ὁμοίως δὴ δειχθήσεται καὶ ἑκάστη τῶν ΘΗ, ΗΜ, ΜΛ ἑκατέρᾳ τῶν ΘΚ, ΚΛ ἴση· ἰσόπλευρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΗΘΚΛΜ πεντάγωνον.
Similarly each of HG, HM, ML will also be proved equal to each of GK, KL; therefore the pentagon GHKLM is equilateral.
λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ ἰσογώνιον.
I say then that it is also equiangular.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὸ ΖΚΓ γωνία τῇ ὑπὸ ΖΛΓ, καὶ ἐδείχθη τῆς μὲν ὑπὸ ΖΚΓ διπλῆ ἡ ὑπὸ ΘΚΛ, τῆς δὲ ὑπὸ ΖΛΓ διπλῆ ἡ ὑπὸ ΚΛΜ, καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΘΚΛ ἄρα τῇ ὑπὸ ΚΛΜ ἐστιν ἴση.
For since the angle FKC is equal to the angle FLC, and the angle GKL was proved double of the angle FKC, and the angle KLM double of the angle FLC, therefore the angle GKL is also equal to the angle KLM.
ὁμοίως δὴ δειχθήσεται καὶ ἑκάστη τῶν ὑπὸ ΚΘΗ, ΘΗΜ, ΗΜΛ ἑκατέρᾳ τῶν ὑπὸ ΘΚΛ, ΚΛΜ ἴση· αἱ πέντε ἄρα γωνίαι αἱ ὑπὸ ΗΘΚ, ΘΚΛ, ΚΛΜ, ΛΜΗ, ΜΗΘ ἴσαι ἀλλήλαις εἰσίν.
Similarly each of the angles KHG, HGM, HML will also be proved equal to each of the angles GKL, KLM; therefore the five angles HGK, GKL, KLM, LMH, MHG are equal to one another.
ἰσογώνιον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΗΘΚΛΜ πεντάγωνον.
Therefore the pentagon GHKLM is equiangular.
ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ ἰσόπλευρον, καὶ περιγέγραπται περὶ τὸν ΑΒΓΔΕ κύκλον. · ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι.
And it has been proved equilateral, and it has been circumscribed about the circle ABCDE. which was required to do.