§13.prop.11#2ὡς δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΔΓΜ ὡς μιᾶς πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΜ, οὕτως ἐδείχθη τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΜΚ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ· πενταπλάσιον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΜΚ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ. ῥητὸν δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ·
But as the square on DG, GM as one straight line is to the square on GM, so was the square on MK shown to be to the square on KF; therefore the square on MK is five times the square on KF.
ῥητὴ γὰρ ἡ διάμετρος· ῥητὸν ἄρα καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΜΚ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΜΚ.
And the square on KF is rational; for the diameter is rational; therefore the square on MK is also rational; therefore MK is rational.
καὶ ἐπεὶ τετραπλασία ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΖ τῆς ΖΚ, πενταπλασία ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΚ τῆς ΚΖ· εἰκοσιπενταπλάσιον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΚ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ. πενταπλάσιον δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΜΚ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΖ·
And since BF is quadruple of FK, therefore BK is five times KF; therefore the square on BK is twenty-five times the square on KF.
πενταπλάσιον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΚ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΜ· τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΚ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ ΚΜ λόγον οὐκ ἔχει, ὃν τετράγωνος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τετράγωνον ἀριθμόν· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΚ τῇ ΚΜ μήκει.
But the square on MK is five times the square on KF; therefore the square on BK is five times the square on KM; therefore the square on BK has not to the square on KM the ratio which a square number has to a square number; therefore BK is incommensurable in length with KM.
καί ἐστι ῥητὴ ἑκατέρα αὐτῶν. αἱ ΒΚ, ΚΜ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι.
And each of them is rational; therefore BK, KM are rational straight lines commensurable in square only.
ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ ῥητῆς ῥητὴ ἀφαιρεθῇ δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετρος οὖσα τῇ ὅλῃ, ἡ λοιπὴ ἄλογός ἐστιν ἀποτομή· ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΜΒ, προσαρμόζουσα δὲ αὐτῇ ἡ ΜΚ. λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ τετάρτη.
But if from a rational straight line there be subtracted a rational straight line which is commensurable in square only with the whole, the remainder is an irrational straight line, an apotome; therefore MB is an apotome, and MK is the annex to it. I say then that it is also a fourth apotome.
ᾧ δὴ μεῖζόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΚ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΜ, ἐκείνῳ ἴσον ἔστω τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Ν· ἡ ΒΚ ἄρα τῆς ΚΜ μεῖζον δύναται τῇ Ν. καὶ ἐπεὶ σύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΚΖ τῇ ΖΒ, καὶ συνθέντι σύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΚΒ τῇ ΖΒ. ἀλλὰ ἡ ΒΖ τῇ ΒΘ σύμμετρός ἐστιν· καὶ ἡ ΒΚ ἄρα τῇ ΒΘ σύμμετρός ἐστιν.
Let then the square on N be equal to that by which the square on BK is greater than the square on KM; therefore BK is greater in square than KM by (the square on) N. And since KF is commensurable with FB, by addition also KB is commensurable with FB. But BF is commensurable with BTh; therefore BK is also commensurable with BTh.
καὶ ἐπεὶ πενταπλάσιόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΚ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΜ, τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΚ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΚΜ λόγον ἔχει, ὃν ε πρὸς ἕν.
And since the square on BK is five times the square on KM, therefore the square on BK has to the square on KM the ratio which 5 has to 1.
ἀναστρέψαντι ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΚ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Ν λόγον ἔχει, ὃν ε πρὸς δ, οὐχ ὃν τετράγωνος πρὸς τετράγωνον· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΚ τῇ Ν· ἡ ΒΚ ἄρα τῆς ΚΜ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ.
Therefore, by conversion, the square on BK has to the square on N the ratio which 5 has to 4, not that which a square number has to a square number; therefore BK is incommensurable with N; therefore BK is greater in square than KM by the square on a straight line incommensurable with itself.
ἐπεὶ οὖν ὅλη ἡ ΒΚ τῆς προσαρμοζούσης τῆς ΚΜ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ, καὶ ὅλη ἡ ΒΚ σύμμετρός ἐστι τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΒΘ, ἀποτομὴ ἄρα τετάρτη ἐστὶν ἡ ΜΒ. τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ ῥητῆς καὶ ἀποτομῆς τετάρτης περιεχόμενον ὀρθογώνιον ἄλογόν ἐστιν, καὶ ἡ δυναμένη αὐτὸ ἄλογός ἐστιν, καλεῖται δὲ ἐλάττων.
Since then the whole BK is greater in square than the annex KM by the square on a straight line incommensurable with itself, and the whole BK is commensurable with the set-out rational straight line BTh, therefore MB is a fourth apotome. But the rectangle contained by a rational straight line and a fourth apotome is irrational, and its side is irrational, and is called minor.
δύναται δὲ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΘΒΜ ἡ ΑΒ διὰ τὸ ἐπιζευγνυμένης τῆς ΑΘ ἰσογώνιον γίνεσθαι τὸ ΑΒΘ τρίγωνον τῷ ΑΒΜ τριγώνῳ καὶ εἶναι ὡς τὴν ΘΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΑ, οὕτως τὴν ΑΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΜ.
ἡ ἄρα ΑΒ τοῦ πενταγώνου πλευρὰ ἄλογός ἐστιν ἡ καλουμένη ἐλάττων· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
And the square on AB is equal to the rectangle contained by ThB, BM, because, when ATh is joined, the triangle ABTh becomes equiangular with the triangle ABM, and as ThB is to BA, so is AB to BM. Therefore the side AB of the pentagon is the irrational straight line called minor; which was to be proved.