§13.prop.10ἐὰν εἰς κύκλον πεντάγωνον ἰσόπλευρον ἐγγραφῇ, ἡ τοῦ πενταγώνου πλευρὰ δύναται τήν τε τοῦ ἑξαγώνου καὶ τὴν τοῦ δεκαγώνου τῶν εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν κύκλον ἐγγραφομένων.
If an equilateral pentagon is inscribed in a circle, the side of the pentagon is square-equal to the side of the hexagon and that of the decagon inscribed in the same circle.
ἔστω κύκλος ὁ ΑΒΓΔΕ, καὶ εἰς τὸν ΑΒΓΔΕ κύκλον πεντάγωνον ἰσόπλευρον ἐγγεγράφθω τὸ ΑΒΓΔΕ. λέγω, ὅτι ἡ τοῦ ΑΒΓΔΕ πενταγώνου πλευρὰ δύναται τήν τε τοῦ ἑξαγώνου καὶ τὴν τοῦ δεκαγώνου πλευρὰν τῶν εἰς τὸν ΑΒΓΔΕ κύκλον ἐγγραφομένων.
Let ABCDE be a circle, and let an equilateral pentagon ABCDE be inscribed in the circle ABCDE. I say that the side of the pentagon ABCDE is square-equal to the side of the hexagon and the side of the decagon inscribed in the circle ABCDE.
εἰλήφθω γὰρ τὸ κέντρον τοῦ κύκλου τὸ Ζ σημεῖον, καὶ ἐπιζευχθεῖσα ἡ ΑΖ διήχθω ἐπὶ τὸ Η σημεῖον, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ΖΒ, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ζ ἐπὶ τὴν ΑΒ κάθετος ἤχθω ἡ ΖΘ, καὶ διήχθω ἐπὶ τὸ Κ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθωσαν αἱ ΑΚ, ΚΒ, καὶ πάλιν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ζ ἐπὶ τὴν ΑΚ κάθετος ἤχθω ἡ ΖΛ, καὶ διήχθω ἐπὶ τὸ Μ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ΚΝ. ἐπεὶ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΒΓΗ περιφέρεια τῇ ΑΕΔΗ περιφερείᾳ, ὧν ἡ ΑΒΓ τῇ ΑΕΔ ἐστιν ἴση, λοιπὴ ἄρα ἡ ΓΗ περιφέρεια λοιπῇ τῇ ΗΔ ἐστιν ἴση.
For let the center of the circle be taken as the point F, and let AF be joined and drawn through to the point H, let FB be joined, let FTh be drawn from F perpendicular to AB and let it be drawn through to K, let AK, KB be joined, and again let FL be drawn from F perpendicular to AK and let it be drawn through to M, and let KN be joined. Since the circumference ABGH is equal to the circumference AEDH, of which ABC is equal to AED, therefore the remaining circumference GH is equal to the remaining HD.
πενταγώνου δὲ ἡ ΓΔ· δεκαγώνου ἄρα ἡ ΓΗ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΖΑ τῇ ΖΒ, καὶ κάθετος ἡ ΖΘ, ἴση ἄρα καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΖΚ γωνία τῇ ὑπὸ ΚΖΒ. ὥστε καὶ περιφέρεια ἡ ΑΚ τῇ ΚΒ ἐστιν ἴση· διπλῆ ἄρα ἡ ΑΒ περιφέρεια τῆς ΒΚ περιφερείας· δεκαγώνου ἄρα πλευρά ἐστιν ἡ ΑΚ εὐθεῖα.
And CD is the side of a pentagon; therefore GH is that of a decagon. And since FA is equal to FB, and FTh is perpendicular, therefore the angle AFK is also equal to the angle KFB. Consequently the circumference AK is also equal to KB; therefore the circumference AB is double of the circumference BK; therefore the straight line AK is the side of a decagon.
διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ἡ ΑΚ τῆς ΚΜ ἐστι διπλῆ.
For the same reason indeed, AK is also double of KM.
καὶ ἐπεὶ διπλῆ ἐστιν ἡ ΑΒ περιφέρεια τῆς ΒΚ περιφερείας, ἴση δὲ ἡ ΓΔ περιφέρεια τῇ ΑΒ περιφερείᾳ, διπλῆ ἄρα καὶ ἡ ΓΔ περιφέρεια τῆς ΒΚ περιφερείας.
And since the circumference AB is double of the circumference BK, and the circumference CD is equal to the circumference AB, therefore the circumference CD is also double of the circumference BK.
ἔστι δὲ ἡ ΓΔ περιφέρεια καὶ τῆς ΓΗ διπλῆ· ἴση ἄρα ἡ ΓΗ περιφέρεια τῇ ΒΚ περιφερείᾳ.
But the circumference CD is also double of GH; therefore the circumference GH is equal to the circumference BK.
ἀλλὰ ἡ ΒΚ τῆς ΚΜ ἐστι διπλῆ, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡ ΚΑ· καὶ ἡ ΓΗ ἄρα τῆς ΚΜ ἐστι διπλῆ.
But BK is double of KM, since KA is also so; therefore GH is also double of KM.
ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ἡ ΓΒ περιφέρεια τῆς ΒΚ περιφερείας ἐστὶ διπλῆ·
Moreover, the circumference GB is also double of the circumference BK, for the circumference GB is equal to BA.
ἴση γὰρ ἡ ΓΒ περιφέρεια τῇ ΒΑ. καὶ ὅλη ἄρα ἡ ΗΒ περιφέρεια τῆς ΒΜ ἐστι διπλῆ· ὥστε καὶ γωνία ἡ ὑπὸ ΗΖΒ γωνίας τῆς ὑπὸ ΒΖΜ διπλῆ.
Therefore the whole circumference HB is also double of BM; so that the angle HFB is also double of the angle BFM.
ἔστι δὲ ἡ ὑπὸ ΗΖΒ καὶ τῆς ὑπὸ ΖΑΒ διπλῆ· ἴση γὰρ ἡ ὑπὸ ΖΑΒ τῇ ὑπὸ ΑΒΖ. καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΒΖΝ ἄρα τῇ ὑπὸ ΖΑΒ ἐστιν ἴση.
But the angle HFB is also double of the angle FAB; for the angle FAB is equal to ABF. Therefore the angle BFN is equal to the angle FAB.
κοινὴ δὲ τῶν δύο τριγώνων, τοῦ τε ΑΒΖ καὶ τοῦ ΒΖΝ, ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΒΖ γωνία· λοιπὴ ἄρα ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΖΒ λοιπῇ τῇ ὑπὸ ΒΝΖ ἐστιν ἴση· ἰσογώνιον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒΖ τρίγωνον τῷ ΒΖΝ τριγώνῳ.
And the angle ABF is common to the two triangles ABF and BFN; therefore the remaining angle AFB is equal to the remaining angle FNB; therefore the triangle ABF is equiangular with the triangle BFN.
ἀνάλογον ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΑΒ εὐθεῖα πρὸς τὴν ΒΖ, οὕτως ἡ ΖΒ πρὸς τὴν ΒΝ· τὸ ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒΝ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ ΒΖ. πάλιν ἐπεὶ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΑΛ τῇ ΛΚ, κοινὴ δὲ καὶ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἡ ΛΝ, βάσις ἄρα ἡ ΚΝ βάσει τῇ ΑΝ ἐστιν ἴση· καὶ γωνία ἄρα ἡ ὑπὸ ΛΚΝ γωνίᾳ τῇ ὑπὸ ΛΑΝ ἐστιν ἴση.
Therefore, proportionally, as the straight line AB is to BF, so is FB to BN; therefore the rectangle contained by AB, BN is equal to the square on BF. Again, since AL is equal to LK, and LN is common and at right angles, therefore the base KN is equal to the base AN; therefore the angle LKN is also equal to the angle LAN.
ἀλλὰ ἡ ὑπὸ ΛΑΝ τῇ ὑπὸ ΚΒΝ ἐστιν ἴση· καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΛΚΝ ἄρα τῇ ὑπὸ ΚΒΝ ἐστιν ἴση.
But the angle LAN is equal to the angle KBN; therefore the angle LKN is also equal to the angle KBN.
καὶ κοινὴ τῶν δύο τριγώνων τοῦ τε ΑΚΒ καὶ τοῦ ΑΚΝ ἡ πρὸς τῷ Α. λοιπὴ ἄρα ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΚΒ λοιπῇ τῇ ὑπὸ ΚΝΑ ἐστιν ἴση· ἰσογώνιον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΚΒΑ τρίγωνον τῷ ΚΝΑ τριγώνῳ.
And the angle at A is common to the two triangles AKB and AKN; therefore the remaining angle AKB is equal to the remaining angle KNA; therefore the triangle KBA is equiangular with the triangle KNA.
ἀνάλογον ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΒΑ εὐθεῖα πρὸς τὴν ΑΚ, οὕτως ἡ ΚΑ πρὸς τὴν ΑΝ· τὸ ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΒΑΝ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΚ. ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒΝ ἴσον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΖ· τὸ ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΒΝ μετὰ τοῦ ὑπὸ ΒΑΝ, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΑ, ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΖ μετὰ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΚ. καί ἐστιν ἡ μὲν ΒΑ πενταγώνου πλευρά, ἡ δὲ ΒΖ ἑξαγώνου, ἡ δὲ ΑΚ δεκαγώνου.
Therefore, proportionally, as the straight line BA is to AK, so is KA to AN; therefore the rectangle contained by BA, AN is equal to the square on AK. And the rectangle contained by AB, BN was also shown to be equal to the square on BF; therefore the rectangle contained by AB, BN together with the rectangle contained by BA, AN, which is the square on BA, is equal to the square on BF together with the square on AK. And BA is the side of the pentagon, BF that of the hexagon, and AK that of the decagon.
ἡ ἄρα τοῦ πενταγώνου πλευρὰ δύναται τήν τε τοῦ ἑξαγώνου καὶ τὴν τοῦ δεκαγώνου τῶν εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν κύκλον ἐγγραφομένων· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore the side of the pentagon is square-equal to the side of the hexagon and that of the decagon inscribed in the same circle; which it was required to prove.