§12.prop.2#1οἱ κύκλοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσὶν ὡς τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν διαμέτρων τετράγωνα.
Circles are to one another as the squares on their diameters.
ἔστωσαν κύκλοι οἱ ΑΒΓΔ, ΕΖΗΘ, διάμετροι δὲ αὐτῶν αἱ ΒΔ, ΖΘ· λέγω, ὅτι ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ ΑΒΓΔ κύκλος πρὸς τὸν ΕΖΗΘ κύκλον, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΔ τετράγωνον πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΘ τετράγωνον.
Let there be circles ABGD, EZHQ, and let their diameters be BD, ZQ; I say that, as the circle ABGD is to the circle EZHQ, so is the square on BD to the square on ZQ.
εἰ γὰρ μή ἐστιν ὡς ὁ ΑΒΓΔ κύκλος πρὸς τὸν ΕΖΗΘ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΔ τετράγωνον πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΘ, ἔσται ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΔ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΘ, οὕτως ὁ ΑΒΓΔ κύκλος ἤτοι πρὸς ἔλασσόν τι τοῦ ΕΖΗΘ κύκλου χωρίον ἢ πρὸς μεῖζον.
For if the circle ABGD is not to the circle EZHQ as the square on BD is to the square on ZQ, then, as the square on BD is to the square on ZQ, so will the circle ABGD be either to some area less than the circle EZHQ or to a greater.
ἔστω πρότερον πρὸς ἔλασσον τὸ Σ. καὶ ἐγγεγράφθω εἰς τὸν ΕΖΗΘ κύκλον τετράγωνον τὸ ΕΖΗΘ·
First, let it be to a less area, S.
τὸ δὴ ἐγγεγραμμένον τετράγωνον μεῖζόν ἐστιν ἢ τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ ΕΖΗΘ κύκλου, ἐπειδήπερ ἐὰν διὰ τῶν ε, Ζ, Η, Θ σημείων ἐφαπτομένας τοῦ κύκλου ἀγάγωμεν, τοῦ περιγραφομένου περὶ τὸν κύκλον τετραγώνου ἥμισύ ἐστι τὸ ΕΖΗΘ τετράγωνον, τοῦ δὲ περιγραφέντος τετραγώνου ἐλάττων ἐστὶν ὁ κύκλος· ὥστε τὸ ΕΖΗΘ ἐγγεγραμμένον τετράγωνον μεῖζόν ἐστι τοῦ ἡμίσεως τοῦ ΕΖΗΘ κύκλου.
And let the square EZHQ be inscribed in the circle EZHQ; the inscribed square is then greater than half of the circle EZHQ, since, if we draw tangents to the circle through the points E, Z, H, Q, the square EZHQ is half of the square circumscribed about the circle, and the circle is less than the circumscribed square; so that the inscribed square EZHQ is greater than half of the circle EZHQ.
τετμήσθωσαν δίχα αἱ ΕΖ, ΖΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΕ περιφέρειαι κατὰ τὰ Κ, Λ, Μ, Ν σημεῖα, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθωσαν αἱ ΕΚ, ΚΖ, ΖΛ, ΛΗ, ΗΜ, ΜΘ, ΘΝ, ΝΕ· καὶ ἕκαστον ἄρα τῶν ΕΚΖ, ΖΛΗ, ΗΜΘ, ΘΝΕ τριγώνων μεῖζόν ἐστιν ἢ τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ καθʼ ἑαυτὸ τμήματος τοῦ κύκλου, ἐπειδήπερ ἐὰν διὰ τῶν Κ, Λ, Μ, Ν σημείων ἐφαπτομένας τοῦ κύκλου ἀγάγωμεν καὶ ἀναπληρώσωμεν τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν ΕΖ, ΖΗ, ΗΘ, ΘΕ εὐθειῶν παραλληλόγραμμα, ἕκαστον τῶν ΕΚΖ, ΖΛΗ, ΗΜΘ, ΘΝΕ τριγώνων ἥμισυ ἔσται τοῦ καθʼ ἑαυτὸ παραλληλογράμμου, ἀλλὰ τὸ καθʼ ἑαυτὸ τμῆμα ἔλαττόν ἐστι τοῦ παραλληλογράμμου· ὥστε ἕκαστον τῶν ΕΚΖ, ΖΛΗ, ΗΜΘ, ΘΝΕ τριγώνων μεῖζόν ἐστι τοῦ ἡμίσεως τοῦ καθʼ ἑαυτὸ τμήματος τοῦ κύκλου.
Let the circumferences EZ, ZH, HQ, QE be bisected at the points K, L, M, N, and let EK, KZ, ZL, LH, HM, MQ, QN, NE be joined; therefore each of the triangles EKZ, ZLH, HMQ, QNE is also greater than half of the segment of the circle corresponding to it, since, if we draw tangents to the circle through the points K, L, M, N and complete the parallelograms on the straight lines EZ, ZH, HQ, QE, each of the triangles EKZ, ZLH, HMQ, QNE will be half of the parallelogram corresponding to it, but the segment corresponding to it is less than the parallelogram; so that each of the triangles EKZ, ZLH, HMQ, QNE is greater than half of the segment of the circle corresponding to it.
τέμνοντες δὴ τὰς ὑπολειπομένας περιφερείας δίχα καὶ ἐπιζευγνύντες εὐθείας καὶ τοῦτο ἀεὶ ποιοῦντες καταλείψομέν τινα ἀποτμήματα τοῦ κύκλου, ἃ ἔσται ἐλάσσονα τῆς ὑπεροχῆς, ᾗ ὑπερέχει ὁ ΕΖΗΘ κύκλος τοῦ Σ χωρίου.
Thus, by bisecting the remaining circumferences and joining straight lines, and doing this continually, we shall leave some segments of the circle which will be less than the excess by which the circle EZHQ exceeds the area S.
ἐδείχθη γὰρ ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ θεωρήματι τοῦ δεκάτου βιβλίου, ὅτι δύο μεγεθῶν ἀνίσων ἐκκειμένων, ἐὰν ἀπὸ τοῦ μείζονος ἀφαιρεθῇ μεῖζον ἢ τὸ ἥμισυ καὶ τοῦ καταλειπομένου μεῖζον ἢ τὸ ἥμισυ, καὶ τοῦτο ἀεὶ γίγνηται, λειφθήσεταί τι μέγεθος, ὃ ἔσται ἔλασσον τοῦ ἐκκειμένου ἐλάσσονος μεγέθους.
For it was proved in the first theorem of the tenth book that, if two unequal magnitudes are set out, and if from the greater there be subtracted more than half, and from that which is left more than half, and this be done continually, there will be left some magnitude which will be less than the lesser magnitude set out.
λελείφθω οὖν, καὶ ἔστω τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν ΕΚ, ΚΖ, ΖΛ, ΛΗ, ΗΜ, ΜΘ, ΘΝ, ΝΕ τμήματα τοῦ ΕΖΗΘ κύκλου ἐλάττονα τῆς ὑπεροχῆς, ᾗ ὑπερέχει ὁ ΕΖΗΘ κύκλος τοῦ Σ χωρίου.
Let them then be left, and let the segments of the circle EZHQ on EK, KZ, ZL, LH, HM, MQ, QN, NE be less than the excess by which the circle EZHQ exceeds the area S.
λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΕΚΖΛΗ ΜΘΝ πολύγωνον μεῖζόν ἐστι τοῦ Σ χωρίου.
Therefore, the remaining polygon EKZLHMQN is greater than the area S.
ἐγγεγράφθω καὶ εἰς τὸν ΑΒΓΔ κύκλον τῷ ΕΚΖΛΗΜΘΝ πολυγώνῳ ὅμοιον πολύγωνον τὸ ΑΞΒΟΓΠΔΡ· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΔ τετράγωνον πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΘ τετράγωνον, οὕτως τὸ ΑΞΒΟΓΠΔΡ πολύγωνον πρὸς τὸ ΕΚΖΛ ΗΜΘΝ πολύγωνον.
And let there be inscribed in the circle ABGD the polygon AXBOGPDR similar to the polygon EKZLHMQN; therefore, as the square on BD is to the square on ZQ, so is the polygon AXBOGPDR to the polygon EKZLHMQN.