§11.prop.23#2ἀλλὰ καὶ ἴσαι· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἄτοπον.
And yet they are also equal; which is absurd.
οὐκ ἄρα ἡ ΑΒ ἐλάσσων ἐστὶ τῆς ΛΞ. ἐδείχθη δέ, ὅτι οὐδὲ ἴση· μείζων ἄρα ἡ ΑΒ τῆς ΛΞ. ἀνεστάτω δὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ξ σημείου τῷ τοῦ ΛΜΝ κύκλου ἐπιπέδῳ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἡ ΞΡ, καὶ ᾧ μεῖζόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τετράγωνον τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΛΞ, ἐκείνῳ ἴσον ἔστω τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΞΡ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθωσαν αἱ ΡΛ, ΡΜ, ΡΝ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἡ ΡΞ ὀρθή ἐστι πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΛΜΝ κύκλου ἐπίπεδον, καὶ πρὸς ἑκάστην ἄρα τῶν ΛΞ, ΜΞ, ΝΞ ὀρθή ἐστιν ἡ ΡΞ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΛΞ τῇ ΞΜ, κοινὴ δὲ καὶ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἡ ΞΡ, βάσις ἄρα ἡ ΡΛ βάσει τῇ ΡΜ ἐστιν ἴση.
Therefore AB is not less than LX. And it was shown that it is not equal either; therefore AB is greater than LX. Let XR be set up from the point X at right angles to the plane of the circle LMN, and let the square on XR be equal to that by which the square on AB is greater than the square on LX; and let RL, RM, RN be joined. And since RX is at right angles to the plane of the circle LMN, therefore RX is also at right angles to each of LX, MX, NX. And since LX is equal to XM, and XR is common and at right angles, therefore the base RL is equal to the base RM.
διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ἡ ΡΝ ἑκατέρᾳ τῶν ΡΛ, ΡΜ ἐστιν ἴση· αἱ τρεῖς ἄρα αἱ ΡΛ, ΡΜ, ΡΝ ἴσαι ἀλλήλαις εἰσίν.
For the same reasons indeed, RN is also equal to each of RL, RM; therefore the three straight lines RL, RM, RN are equal to one another.
καὶ ἐπεὶ ᾧ μεῖζόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΛΞ, ἐκείνῳ ἴσον ὑπόκειται τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΞΡ, τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΛΞ, ΞΡ. τοῖς δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ΛΞ, ΞΡ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΛΡ·
And since the square on XR is posited equal to that by which the square on AB is greater than the square on LX, therefore the square on AB is equal to the squares on LX, XR.
ὀρθὴ γὰρ ἡ ὑπὸ ΛΞΡ· τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΡΛ· ἴση ἄρα ἡ ΑΒ τῇ ΡΛ. ἀλλὰ τῇ μὲν ΑΒ ἴση ἐστὶν ἑκάστη τῶν ΒΓ, ΔΕ, ΕΖ, ΗΘ, ΘΚ, τῇ δὲ ΡΛ ἴση ἑκατέρα τῶν ΡΜ, ΡΝ·
But the square on LR is equal to the squares on LX, XR; for the angle LXR is a right angle; therefore the square on AB is equal to the square on RL; therefore AB is equal to RL.
ἑκάστη ἄρα τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ΔΕ, ΕΖ, ΗΘ, ΘΚ ἑκάστῃ τῶν ΡΛ, ΡΜ, ΡΝ ἴση ἐστίν.
But each of BC, DE, EF, GH, HK is equal to AB, and each of RM, RN is equal to RL; therefore each of AB, BC, DE, EF, GH, HK is equal to each of RL, RM, RN.
καὶ ἐπεὶ δύο αἱ ΛΡ, ΡΜ δυσὶ ταῖς ΑΒ, ΒΓ ἴσαι εἰσίν, καὶ βάσις ἡ ΛΜ βάσει τῇ ΑΓ ὑπόκειται ἴση, γωνία ἄρα ἡ ὑπὸ ΛΡΜ γωνίᾳ τῇ ὑπὸ ΑΒΓ ἐστιν ἴση.
And since the two straight lines LR, RM are equal to the two straight lines AB, BC, and the base LM is posited equal to the base AC, therefore the angle LRM is equal to the angle ABC.
διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ἡ μὲν ὑπὸ ΜΡΝ τῇ ὑπὸ ΔΕΖ ἐστιν ἴση, ἡ δὲ ὑπὸ ΛΡΝ τῇ ὑπὸ ΗΘΚ.
ἐκ τριῶν ἄρα γωνιῶν ἐπιπέδων τῶν ὑπὸ ΛΡΜ, ΜΡΝ, ΛΡΝ, αἵ εἰσιν ἴσαι τρισὶ ταῖς δοθείσαις ταῖς ὑπὸ ΑΒΓ, ΔΕΖ, ΗΘΚ, στερεὰ γωνία συνέσταται ἡ πρὸς τῷ Ρ περιεχομένη ὑπὸ τῶν ΛΡΜ, ΜΡΝ, ΛΡΝ γωνιῶν· ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι.
For the same reasons indeed, the angle MRN is also equal to DEF, and LRN to GHK. Therefore, out of three plane angles LRM, MRN, LRN, which are equal to the three given angles ABC, DEF, GHK, a solid angle is constructed, namely that contained by the angles LRM, MRN, LRN at the point R; which it was required to do.
λῆμμα
ὃν δὲ τρόπον, ᾧ μεῖζόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΛΞ, ἐκείνῳ ἴσον λαβεῖν ἔστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΞΡ, δείξομεν οὕτως.
Lemma But in what manner it is possible to take the square on XR equal to that by which the square on AB is greater than the square on LX, we shall show as follows.
ἐκκείσθωσαν αἱ ΑΒ, ΛΞ εὐθεῖαι, καὶ ἔστω μείζων ἡ ΑΒ, καὶ γεγράφθω ἐπʼ αὐτῆς ἡμικύκλιον τὸ ΑΒΓ, καὶ εἰς τὸ ΑΒΓ ἡμικύκλιον ἐνηρμόσθω τῇ ΛΞ εὐθείᾳ μὴ μείζονι οὔσῃ τῆς ΑΒ διαμέτρου ἴση ἡ ΑΓ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ΓΒ. ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐν ἡμικυκλίῳ τῷ ΑΓΒ γωνία ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΓΒ, ὀρθὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΓΒ. τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ. ὥστε τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΓ μεῖζόν ἐστι τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΒ. ἴση δὲ ἡ ΑΓ τῇ ΛΞ. τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΛΞ μεῖζόν ἐστι τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΒ. ἐὰν οὖν τῇ ΒΓ ἴσην τὴν ΞΡ ἀπολάβωμεν, ἔσται τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΛΞ μεῖζον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΞΡ· ὅπερ προέκειτο ποιῆσαι.
Let the two straight lines AB, LX be set out, and let AB be the greater, and let a semicircle ABC be described on it, and into the semicircle ABC let AC be fitted equal to the straight line LX, which is not greater than the diameter AB, and let CB be joined. Since then the angle ACB is in the semicircle ACB, therefore the angle ACB is a right angle. Therefore the square on AB is equal to the squares on AC, CB; so that the square on AB is greater than the square on AC by the square on CB. But AC is equal to LX; therefore the square on AB is greater than the square on LX by the square on CB. If then we cut off XR equal to BC, the square on AB will be greater than the square on LX by the square on XR; which was proposed to be done.