§11.prop.14πρὸς ἃ ἐπίπεδα ἡ αὐτὴ εὐθεῖα ὀρθή ἐστιν, παράλληλα ἔσται τὰ ἐπίπεδα.
To which planes the same straight line is at right angles, those planes will be parallel.
εὐθεῖα γάρ τις ἡ ΑΒ πρὸς ἑκάτερον τῶν ΓΔ, ΕΖ ἐπιπέδων πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἔστω· λέγω, ὅτι παράλληλά ἐστι τὰ ἐπίπεδα.
For let some straight line AB be at right angles to each of the planes CD, EF; I say that the planes are parallel.
εἰ γὰρ μή, ἐκβαλλόμενα συμπεσοῦνται.
For if not, being produced they will meet.
συμπιπτέτωσαν· ποιήσουσι δὴ κοινὴν τομὴν εὐθεῖαν.
Let them meet; they will indeed make a straight line as common intersection.
ποιείτωσαν τὴν ΗΘ, καὶ εἰλήφθω ἐπὶ τῆς ΗΘ τυχὸν σημεῖον τὸ Κ, καὶ ἐπεζεύχθωσαν αἱ ΑΚ, ΒΚ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἡ ΑΒ ὀρθή ἐστι πρὸς τὸ ΕΖ ἐπίπεδον, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ΒΚ ἄρα εὐθεῖαν οὖσαν ἐν τῷ ΕΖ ἐκβληθέντι ἐπιπέδῳ ὀρθή ἐστιν ἡ ΑΒ·
Let them make HT, and let some random point K be taken on HT, and let AK, BK be joined. And since AB is at right angles to the plane EF, therefore AB is also at right angles to the straight line BK which is in the produced plane EF; therefore the angle ABK is right.
ἡ ἄρα ὑπὸ ΑΒΚ γωνία ὀρθή ἐστιν. διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΒΑΚ ὀρθή ἐστιν.
For the same reasons indeed, BAK is also right.
τριγώνου δὴ τοῦ ΑΒΚ αἱ δύο γωνίαι αἱ ὑπὸ ΑΒΚ, ΒΑΚ δυσὶν ὀρθαῖς εἰσιν ἴσαι· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀδύνατον.
Therefore, of the triangle ABK, the two angles ABK, BAK are equal to two right angles; which is impossible.
οὐκ ἄρα τὰ ΓΔ, ΕΖ ἐπίπεδα ἐκβαλλόμενα συμπεσοῦνται· παράλληλα ἄρα ἐστὶ τὰ ΓΔ, ΕΖ ἐπίπεδα.
Therefore the planes CD, EF being produced will not meet; therefore the planes CD, EF are parallel.
πρὸς ἃ ἐπίπεδα ἄρα ἡ αὐτὴ εὐθεῖα ὀρθή ἐστιν, παράλληλά ἐστι τὰ ἐπίπεδα· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore, to which planes the same straight line is at right angles, those planes are parallel; which was to be proved.
§11.prop.15ἐὰν δύο εὐθεῖαι ἁπτόμεναι ἀλλήλων παρὰ δύο εὐθείας ἁπτομένας ἀλλήλων ὦσι μὴ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ἐπιπέδῳ οὖσαι, παράλληλά ἐστι τὰ διʼ αὐτῶν ἐπίπεδα.
If two straight lines meeting one another be parallel to two straight lines meeting one another, not being in the same plane, the planes through them are parallel.
δύο γὰρ εὐθεῖαι ἁπτόμεναι ἀλλήλων αἱ ΑΒ, ΒΓ παρὰ δύο εὐθείας ἁπτομένας ἀλλήλων τὰς ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἔστωσαν μὴ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ἐπιπέδῳ οὖσαι· λέγω, ὅτι ἐκβαλλόμενα τὰ διὰ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ, ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἐπίπεδα οὐ συμπεσεῖται ἀλλήλοις.
For let two straight lines meeting one another, AB, BC, be parallel to two straight lines meeting one another, DE, EF, not being in the same plane; I say that the planes through AB, BC and DE, EF, being produced, will not meet one another.
ἤχθω γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ Β σημείου ἐπὶ τὸ διὰ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἐπίπεδον κάθετος ἡ ΒΗ καὶ συμβαλλέτω τῷ ἐπιπέδῳ κατὰ τὸ Η σημεῖον, καὶ διὰ τοῦ Η τῇ μὲν ΕΔ παράλληλος ἤχθω ἡ ΗΘ, τῇ δὲ ΕΖ ἡ ΗΚ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἡ ΒΗ ὀρθή ἐστι πρὸς τὸ διὰ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἐπίπεδον, καὶ πρὸς πάσας ἄρα τὰς ἁπτομένας αὐτῆς εὐθείας καὶ οὔσας ἐν τῷ διὰ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἐπιπέδῳ ὀρθὰς ποιήσει γωνίας.
For let there be drawn from the point B to the plane through DE, EF a perpendicular BH, and let it meet the plane at the point H, and through H let HT be drawn parallel to ED, and HK parallel to EF. And since BH is at right angles to the plane through DE, EF, therefore it will make right angles with all the straight lines meeting it and being in the plane through DE, EF.
ἅπτεται δὲ αὐτῆς ἑκατέρα τῶν ΗΘ, ΗΚ οὖσα ἐν τῷ διὰ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ ἐπιπέδῳ· ὀρθὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἑκατέρα τῶν ὑπὸ ΒΗΘ, ΒΗΚ γωνιῶν.
And each of HT, HK, being in the plane through DE, EF, meets it; therefore each of the angles BHT, BHK is right.
καὶ ἐπεὶ παράλληλός ἐστιν ἡ ΒΑ τῇ ΗΘ, αἱ ἄρα ὑπὸ ΗΒΑ, ΒΗΘ γωνίαι δυσὶν ὀρθαῖς ἴσαι εἰσίν.
And since BA is parallel to HT, therefore the angles HBA, BHT are equal to two right angles.
ὀρθὴ δὲ ἡ ὑπὸ ΒΗΘ· ὀρθὴ ἄρα καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΗΒΑ· ἡ ΗΒ ἄρα τῇ ΒΑ πρὸς ὀρθάς ἐστιν.
And BHT is right; therefore HBA is also right; therefore HB is at right angles to BA.
διὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὴ ἡ ΗΒ καὶ τῇ ΒΓ ἐστι πρὸς ὀρθάς.
For the same reasons indeed, HB is also at right angles to BC.
ἐπεὶ οὖν εὐθεῖα ἡ ΗΒ δυσὶν εὐθείαις ταῖς ΒΑ, ΒΓ τεμνούσαις ἀλλήλας πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἐφέστηκεν, ἡ ΗΒ ἄρα καὶ τῷ διὰ τῶν ΒΑ, ΒΓ ἐπιπέδῳ πρὸς ὀρθάς ἐστιν. .
Since therefore the straight line HB has been set up at right angles to two straight lines BA, BC cutting one another, therefore HB is also at right angles to the plane through BA, BC.
πρὸς ἃ δὲ ἐπίπεδα ἡ αὐτὴ εὐθεῖα ὀρθή ἐστιν, παράλληλά ἐστι τὰ ἐπίπεδα· παράλληλον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ διὰ τῶν ΑΒ, ΒΓ ἐπίπεδον τῷ διὰ τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ.
ἐὰν ἄρα δύο εὐθεῖαι ἁπτόμεναι ἀλλήλων παρὰ δύο εὐθείας ἁπτομένας ἀλλήλων ὦσι μὴ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ἐπιπέδῳ, παράλληλά ἐστι τὰ διʼ αὐτῶν ἐπίπεδα· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
And to which planes the same straight line is at right angles, those planes are parallel; therefore the plane through AB, BC is parallel to the plane through DE, EF. Therefore, if two straight lines meeting one another be parallel to two straight lines meeting one another, not being in the same plane, the planes through them are parallel; which was to be proved.