§10.prop3.85εὑρεῖν τὴν πρώτην ἀποτομήν.
To find the first apotome.
Ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ Α, καὶ τῇ Α μήκει σύμμετρος ἔστω ἡ ΒΗ·
Let the rational straight line A be set out, and let BH be commensurable in length with A; therefore BH is also rational.
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΒΗ. καὶ ἐκκείσθωσαν δύο τετράγωνοι ἀριθμοὶ οἱ ΔΕ, ΕΖ, ὧν ἡ ὑπεροχὴ ὁ ΖΔ μὴ ἔστω τετράγωνος· οὐδʼ ἄρα ὁ ΕΔ πρὸς τὸν ΔΖ λόγον ἔχει, ὃν τετράγωνος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τετράγωνον ἀριθμόν.
And let two square numbers DE, EZ be set out, of which let the difference ZD not be square; therefore ED also does not have to DZ the ratio which a square number has to a square number.
καὶ πεποιήσθω ὡς ὁ ΕΔ πρὸς τὸν ΔΖ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ τετράγωνον πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ τετράγωνον· σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ. ῥητὸν δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ·
And let it be made that, as ED is to DZ, so is the square on BH to the square on HΓ; therefore the square on BH is commensurable with the square on HΓ.
ῥητὸν ἄρα καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ·
And the square on BH is rational; therefore the square on HΓ is also rational; therefore HΓ is also rational.
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΗΓ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ὁ ΕΔ πρὸς τὸν ΔΖ λόγον οὐκ ἔχει, ὃν τετράγωνος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τετράγωνον ἀριθμόν, οὐδʼ ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ λόγον ἔχει, ὃν τετράγωνος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τετράγωνον ἀριθμόν· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΗ τῇ ΗΓ μήκει.
And since ED does not have to DZ the ratio which a square number has to a square number, therefore the square on BH also does not have to the square on HΓ the ratio which a square number has to a square number; therefore BH is incommensurable in length with HΓ.
καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί· αἱ ΒΗ, ΗΓ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἡ ἄρα ΒΓ ἀποτομή ἐστιν.
And both are rational; therefore BH, HΓ are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore BΓ is an apotome.
λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ πρώτη.
I say then, that it is also a first apotome.
ὧι γὰρ μεῖζόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ, ἔστω τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ. καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ὁ ΕΔ πρὸς τὸν ΖΔ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ, καὶ ἀναστρέψαντι ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ὁ ΔΕ πρὸς τὸν ΕΖ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ. ὁ δὲ ΔΕ πρὸς τὸν ΕΖ λόγον ἔχει, ὃν τετράγωνος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τετράγωνον ἀριθμόν·
For let the square on Θ be that by which the square on BH is greater than the square on HΓ. And since, as ED is to ZΔ, so is the square on BH to the square on HΓ, therefore, convertendo, as DE is to EZ, so is the square on HB to the square on Θ.
ἑκάτερος γὰρ τετράγωνός ἐστιν· καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ ἄρα πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ λόγον ἔχει, ὃν τετράγωνος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τετράγωνον ἀριθμόν· σύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΗ τῇ Θ μήκει.
And DE has to EZ the ratio which a square number has to a square number; for each is square; therefore the square on HB also has to the square on Θ the ratio which a square number has to a square number; therefore BH is commensurable in length with Θ.
καὶ δύναται ἡ ΒΗ τῆς ΗΓ μεῖζον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ· ἡ ΒΗ ἄρα τῆς ΗΓ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει.
And the square on BH is greater than the square on HΓ by the square on Θ; therefore BH is greater in square than HΓ by the square on a straight line commensurable in length with itself.
καί ἐστιν ἡ ὅλη ἡ ΒΗ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ μήκει τῇ Α. ἡ ΒΓ ἄρα ἀποτομή ἐστι πρώτη.
And the whole BH is commensurable in length with the set-out rational straight line A. Therefore BΓ is a first apotome.
εὕρηται ἄρα ἡ πρώτη ἀποτομὴ ἡ ΒΓ· ὅπερ ἔδει εὑρεῖν.
Therefore the first apotome BΓ has been found; which was to be found.
§10.prop3.86εὑρεῖν τὴν δευτέραν ἀποτομήν.
To find the second apotome.
Ἐκκείσθω ῥητὴ ἡ Α καὶ τῇ Α σύμμετρος μήκει ἡ ΗΓ. ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΗΓ. καὶ ἐκκείσθωσαν δύο τετράγωνοι ἀριθμοὶ οἱ ΔΕ, ΕΖ, ὧν ἡ ὑπεροχὴ ὁ ΔΖ μὴ ἔστω τετράγωνος.
Let the rational straight line A be set out, and let HΓ be commensurable in length with A; therefore HΓ is also rational. And let two square numbers DE, EZ be set out, of which let the difference ΔZ not be square.
καὶ πεποιήσθω ὡς ὁ ΖΔ πρὸς τὸν ΔΕ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΗ τετράγωνον πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ τετράγωνον. σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΗ τετράγωνον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ τετραγώνῳ.
And let it be made that, as ZΔ is to ΔE, so is the square on ΓH to the square on HB; therefore the square on ΓH is commensurable with the square on HB.
ῥητὸν δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ. ῥητὸν ἄρα καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ·
And the square on HΓ is rational; therefore the square on HB is also rational; therefore BH is rational.
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΗ. καὶ ἐπεὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ τετράγωνον πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ λόγον οὐκ ἔχει, ὃν τετράγωνος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τετράγωνον ἀριθμόν, ἀσύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΓΗ τῇ ΗΒ μήκει.
And since the square on HΓ does not have to the square on HB the ratio which a square number has to a square number, ΓH is incommensurable in length with HB.
καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί· αἱ ΓΗ, ΗΒ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἡ ΒΓ ἄρα ἀποτομή ἐστιν.
And both are rational; therefore ΓH, HB are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore BΓ is an apotome.
λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ δευτέρα.
I say then, that it is also a second apotome.
ὧι γὰρ μεῖζόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ, ἔστω τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ. ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐστιν ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΓ, οὕτως ὁ ΕΔ ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τὸν ΔΖ ἀριθμόν, ἀναστρέψαντι ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ, οὕτως ὁ ΔΕ πρὸς τὸν ΕΖ. καί ἐστιν ἑκάτερος τῶν ΔΕ, ΕΖ τετράγωνος·
For let the square on Θ be that by which the square on BH is greater than the square on HΓ. Since, then, as the square on BH is to the square on HΓ, so is the number EΔ to the number ΔZ, therefore, convertendo, as the square on BH is to the square on Θ, so is ΔE to EZ.
τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ λόγον ἔχει, ὃν τετράγωνος ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τετράγωνον ἀριθμόν· σύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΒΗ τῇ Θ μήκει.
And each of DE, EZ is square; therefore the square on BH has to the square on Θ the ratio which a square number has to a square number; therefore BH is commensurable in length with Θ.
καὶ δύναται ἡ ΒΗ τῆς ΗΓ μεῖζον τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Θ· ἡ ΒΗ ἄρα τῆς ΗΓ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ συμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ μήκει.
And BH is greater in square than HΓ by the square on Θ; therefore BH is greater in square than HΓ by the square on a straight line commensurable in length with itself.
καί ἐστιν ἡ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΓΗ τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ σύμμετρος τῇ Α. ἡ ΒΓ ἄρα ἀποτομή ἐστι δευτέρα.
And the annexed straight line ΓH is commensurable with the set-out rational straight line A. Therefore BΓ is a second apotome.
εὕρηται ἄρα δευτέρα ἀποτομὴ ἡ ΒΓ· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore the second apotome BΓ has been found; which was to be demonstrated.