§10.prop1.5τὰ σύμμετρα μεγέθη πρὸς ἄλληλα λόγον ἔχει, ὃν ἀριθμὸς πρὸς ἀριθμόν.
Commensurable magnitudes have to one another the ratio which a number has to a number.
ἔστω σύμμετρα μεγέθη τὰ Α, Β· λέγω, ὅτι τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Β λόγον ἔχει, ὃν ἀριθμὸς πρὸς ἀριθμόν.
Let Α, Β be commensurable magnitudes; I say that Α has to Β the ratio which a number has to a number.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ σύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ Α, Β, μετρήσει τι αὐτὰ μέγεθος.
For, since Α, Β are commensurable, some magnitude will measure them.
μετρείτω, καὶ ἔστω τὸ Γ. καὶ ὁσάκις τὸ Γ τὸ Α μετρεῖ τοσαῦται μονάδες ἔστωσαν ἐν τῷ Δ, ὁσάκις δὲ τὸ Γ τὸ Β μετρεῖ, τοσαῦται μονάδες ἔστωσαν ἐν τῷ Ε.
ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ Γ τὸ Α μετρεῖ κατὰ τὰς ἐν τῷ Δ μονάδας, μετρεῖ δὲ καὶ ἡ μονὰς τὸν Δ κατὰ τὰς ἐν αὐτῷ μονάδας, ἰσάκις ἄρα ἡ μονὰς τὸν Δ μετρεῖ ἀριθμὸν καὶ τὸ Γ μέγεθος τὸ Α· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ Γ πρὸς τὸ Α, οὕτως ἡ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν Δ· ἀνάπαλιν ἄρα, ὡς τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Γ, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὴν μονάδα.
Let it measure them, and let it be Γ. And as many times as Γ measures Α, so many units let there be in Δ, and as many times as Γ measures Β, so many units let there be in Ε. Since then Γ measures Α according to the units in Δ, and the unit also measures Δ according to the units in it, therefore the unit measures the number Δ and the magnitude Γ measures Α the same number of times; therefore, as Γ is to Α, so is the unit to Δ; therefore, inversely, as Α is to Γ, so is Δ to the unit.
πάλιν ἐπεὶ τὸ Γ τὸ Β μετρεῖ κατὰ τὰς ἐν τῷ Ε μονάδας, μετρεῖ δὲ καὶ ἡ μονὰς τὸν Ε κατὰ τὰς ἐν αὐτῷ μονάδας, ἰσάκις ἄρα ἡ μονὰς τὸν Ε μετρεῖ καὶ τὸ Γ τὸ Β· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ Γ πρὸς τὸ Β, οὕτως ἡ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν Ε. ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ ὡς τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Γ, ὁ Δ πρὸς τὴν μονάδα· διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Β, οὕτως ὁ Δ ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τὸν Ε.
τὰ ἄρα σύμμετρα μεγέθη τὰ Α, Β πρὸς ἄλληλα λόγον ἔχει, ὃν ἀριθμὸς ὁ Δ πρὸς ἀριθμὸν τὸν Ε· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Again, since Γ measures Β according to the units in Ε, and the unit also measures Ε according to the units in it, therefore the unit measures Ε and Γ measures Β the same number of times; therefore, as Γ is to Β, so is the unit to Ε. But it was also proved that, as Α is to Γ, so is Δ to the unit; therefore, ex aequali, as Α is to Β, so is the number Δ to Ε. Therefore the commensurable magnitudes Α, Β have to one another the ratio which the number Δ has to the number Ε; which it was required to prove.
ἐὰν δύο μεγέθη πρὸς ἄλληλα λόγον ἔχῃ, ὃν ἀριθμὸς πρὸς ἀριθμόν, σύμμετρα ἔσται τὰ μεγέθη.
If two magnitudes have to one another the ratio which a number has to a number, the magnitudes will be commensurable.
δύο γὰρ μεγέθη τὰ Α, Β πρὸς ἄλληλα λόγον ἐχέτω, ὃν ἀριθμὸς ὁ Δ πρὸς ἀριθμὸν τὸν Ε· λέγω, ὅτι σύμμετρά ἐστι τὰ Α, Β μεγέθη.
For let two magnitudes Α, Β have to one another the ratio which the number Δ has to the number Ε; I say that the magnitudes Α, Β are commensurable.
ὅσαι γάρ εἰσιν ἐν τῷ Δ μονάδες, εἰς τοσαῦτα ἴσα διῃρήσθω τὸ Α, καὶ ἑνὶ αὐτῶν ἴσον ἔστω τὸ Γ· ὅσαι δέ εἰσιν ἐν τῷ Ε μονάδες, ἐκ τοσούτων μεγεθῶν ἴσων τῷ Γ συγκείσθω τὸ Ζ.
ἐπεὶ οὖν, ὅσαι εἰσὶν ἐν τῷ Δ μονάδες, τοσαῦτά εἰσι καὶ ἐν τῷ Α μεγέθη ἴσα τῷ Γ, ὃ ἄρα μέρος ἐστὶν ἡ μονὰς τοῦ Δ, τὸ αὐτὸ μέρος ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ Γ τοῦ Α· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ Γ πρὸς τὸ Α, οὕτως ἡ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν Δ. μετρεῖ δὲ ἡ μονὰς τὸν Δ ἀριθμόν· μετρεῖ ἄρα καὶ τὸ Γ τὸ Α. καὶ ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς τὸ Γ πρὸς τὸ Α, οὕτως ἡ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν Δ, ἀνάπαλιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Γ, οὕτως ὁ Δ ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τὴν μονάδα.
For as many units as there are in Δ, let Α be divided into so many equal parts, and let Γ be equal to one of them; and as many units as there are in Ε, let Ζ be composed of so many magnitudes equal to Γ. Since then, as many units as there are in Δ, there are also so many magnitudes in Α equal to Γ, therefore, whatever part the unit is of Δ, the same part is Γ of Α also; therefore, as Γ is to Α, so is the unit to Δ. But the unit measures the number Δ; therefore Γ also measures Α. And since as Γ is to Α, so is the unit to Δ, therefore, inversely, as Α is to Γ, so is the number Δ to the unit.
πάλιν ἐπεί, ὅσαι εἰσὶν ἐν τῷ Ε μονάδες, τοσαῦτά εἰσι καὶ ἐν τῷ Ζ ἴσα τῷ Γ, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ Γ πρὸς τὸ Ζ, οὕτως ἡ μονὰς πρὸς τὸν Ε.
Again, since, as many units as there are in Ε, there are also so many magnitudes in Ζ equal to Γ, therefore, as Γ is to Ζ, so is the unit to Ε.
ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ ὡς τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Γ, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὴν μονάδα· διʼ ἴσου ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Ζ, οὕτως ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ε. ἀλλʼ ὡς ὁ Δ πρὸς τὸν Ε, οὕτως ἐστὶ τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Β·
But it was also proved that, as Α is to Γ, so is Δ to the unit; therefore, ex aequali, as Α is to Ζ, so is Δ to Ε. But as Δ is to Ε, so is Α to Β; therefore also, as Α is to Β, so is it to Ζ.
καὶ ὡς ἄρα τὸ Α πρὸς τὸ Β, οὕτως καὶ πρὸς τὸ Ζ. τὸ Α ἄρα πρὸς ἑκάτερον τῶν Β, Ζ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει λόγον· ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ Β τῷ Ζ. μετρεῖ δὲ τὸ Γ τὸ Ζ· μετρεῖ ἄρα καὶ τὸ Β. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὸ Α· τὸ Γ ἄρα τὰ Α, Β μετρεῖ.
Therefore Α has to each of Β, Ζ the same ratio; therefore Β is equal to Ζ. But Γ measures Ζ; therefore it also measures Β. But indeed it also measures Α; therefore Γ measures Α, Β.
σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ Α τῷ Β.
ἐὰν ἄρα δύο μεγέθη πρὸς ἄλληλα, καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς.
Therefore Α is commensurable with Β. If then two magnitudes to one another, and so on.
Πόρισμα
ἐκ δὴ τούτου φανερόν, ὅτι, ἐὰν ὦσι δύο ἀριθμοί, ὡς οἱ Δ, Ε, καὶ εὐθεῖα, ὡς ἡ Α, δύνατόν ἐστι ποιῆσαι ὡς ὁ Δ ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τὸν Ε ἀριθμόν, οὕτως τὴν εὐθεῖαν πρὸς εὐθεῖαν.
Porism From this it is manifest that, if there be two numbers, as Δ, Ε, and a straight line, as Α, it is possible to make as the number Δ is to the number Ε, so the straight line to a straight line.
ἐὰν δὲ καὶ τῶν Α, Ζ μέση ἀνάλογον ληφθῇ, ὡς ἡ Β, ἔσται ὡς ἡ Α πρὸς τὴν Ζ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Α πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Β, τουτέστιν ὡς ἡ πρώτη πρὸς τὴν τρίτην, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς δευτέρας τὸ ὅμοιον καὶ ὁμοίως ἀναγραφόμενον.
And if a mean proportional, as Β, be taken between Α, Ζ, as Α is to Ζ, so will be the square on Α to the square on Β, that is, as the first is to the third, so is the figure on the first to the similar and similarly described figure on the second.
ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡ Α πρὸς τὴν Ζ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ὁ Δ ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τὸν Ε ἀριθμόν· γέγονεν ἄρα καὶ ὡς ὁ Δ ἀριθμὸς πρὸς τὸν Ε ἀριθμόν, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Α εὐθείας πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Β εὐθείας· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
But as Α is to Ζ, so is the number Δ to the number Ε; therefore it has also been made as the number Δ to the number Ε, so the square on the straight line Α to the square on the straight line Β; which it was required to prove.