§1.prop.45τῷ δοθέντι εὐθυγράμμῳ ἴσον παραλληλόγραμμον συστήσασθαι ἐν τῇ δοθείσῃ γωνίᾳ εὐθυγράμμῳ.
To construct a parallelogram equal to a given rectilineal figure in a given rectilineal angle.
ἔστω τὸ μὲν δοθὲν εὐθύγραμμον τὸ ΑΒΓΔ, ἡ δὲ δοθεῖσα γωνία εὐθύγραμμος ἡ Ε· δεῖ δὴ τῷ ΑΒΓΔ εὐθυγράμμῳ ἴσον παραλληλόγραμμον συστήσασθαι ἐν τῇ δοθείσῃ γωνίᾳ τῇ Ε.
ἐπεζεύχθω ἡ ΔΒ, καὶ συνεστάτω τῷ ΑΒΔ τριγώνῳ ἴσον παραλληλόγραμμον τὸ ΖΘ ἐν τῇ ὑπὸ ΘΚΖ γωνίᾳ, ἥ ἐστιν ἴση τῇ Ε· καὶ παραβεβλήσθω παρὰ τὴν ΗΘ εὐθεῖαν τῷ ΔΒΓ τριγώνῳ ἴσον παραλληλόγραμμον τὸ ΗΜ ἐν τῇ ὑπὸ ΗΘΜ γωνίᾳ, ἥ ἐστιν ἴση τῇ Ε. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἡ Ε γωνία ἑκατέρᾳ τῶν ὑπὸ ΘΚΖ, ΗΘΜ ἐστιν ἴση, καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΘΚΖ ἄρα τῇ ὑπὸ ΗΘΜ ἐστιν ἴση.
Let the given rectilineal figure be ABCD, and the given rectilineal angle E; it is required to construct a parallelogram equal to the rectilineal figure ABCD in the given angle E. Let DB be joined, and let the parallelogram FH be constructed equal to the triangle ABD in the angle HKF, which is equal to E; and to the straight line GH let the parallelogram GM be applied equal to the triangle DBC in the angle GHM, which is equal to E. And since the angle E is equal to each of the angles HKF, GHM, the angle HKF is also equal to the angle GHM.
κοινὴ προσκείσθω ἡ ὑπὸ ΚΘΗ· αἱ ἄρα ὑπὸ ΖΚΘ, ΚΘΗ ταῖς ὑπὸ ΚΘΗ, ΗΘΜ ἴσαι εἰσίν.
Let the angle KHG be added to each; therefore the angles FKH, KHG are equal to the angles KHG, GHM.
ἀλλʼ αἱ ὑπὸ ΖΚΘ, ΚΘΗ δυσὶν ὀρθαῖς ἴσαι εἰσίν· καὶ αἱ ὑπὸ ΚΘΗ, ΗΘΜ ἄρα δύο ὀρθαῖς ἴσαι εἰσίν.
But the angles FKH, KHG are equal to two right angles; therefore the angles KHG, GHM are also equal to two right angles.
πρὸς δή τινι εὐθείᾳ τῇ ΗΘ καὶ τῷ πρὸς αὐτῇ σημείῳ τῷ Θ δύο εὐθεῖαι αἱ ΚΘ, ΘΜ μὴ ἐπὶ τὰ αὐτὰ μέρη κείμεναι τὰς ἐφεξῆς γωνίας δύο ὀρθαῖς ἴσας ποιοῦσιν· ἐπʼ εὐθείας ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΚΘ τῇ ΘΜ·
Thus, to a straight line GH and at the point H on it, two straight lines KH, HM not lying on the same side make the adjacent angles equal to two right angles; therefore KH is in a straight line with HM.
καὶ ἐπεὶ εἰς παραλλήλους τὰς ΚΜ, ΖΗ εὐθεῖα ἐνέπεσεν ἡ ΘΗ, αἱ ἐναλλὰξ γωνίαι αἱ ὑπὸ ΜΘΗ, ΘΗΖ ἴσαι ἀλλήλαις εἰσίν.
And since a straight line HG falls upon the parallel straight lines KM, FG, the alternate angles MHG, HGF are equal to one another.
κοινὴ προσκείσθω ἡ ὑπὸ ΘΗΛ· αἱ ἄρα ὑπὸ ΜΘΗ, ΘΗΛ ταῖς ὑπὸ ΘΗΖ, ΘΗΛ ἴσαι εἰσίν.
Let the angle HGL be added to each; therefore the angles MHG, HGL are equal to the angles HGF, HGL.
ἀλλʼ αἱ ὑπὸ ΜΘΗ, ΘΗΛ δύο ὀρθαῖς ἴσαι εἰσίν· καὶ αἱ ὑπὸ ΘΗΖ, ΘΗΛ ἄρα δύο ὀρθαῖς ἴσαι εἰσίν· ἐπʼ εὐθείας ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΖΗ τῇ ΗΛ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἡ ΖΚ τῇ ΘΗ ἴση τε καὶ παράλληλός ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ ΘΗ τῇ ΜΛ, καὶ ἡ ΚΖ ἄρα τῇ ΜΛ ἴση τε καὶ παράλληλός ἐστιν· καὶ ἐπιζευγνύουσιν αὐτὰς εὐθεῖαι αἱ ΚΜ, ΖΛ·
But the angles MHG, HGL are equal to two right angles; therefore the angles HGF, HGL are also equal to two right angles; therefore FG is in a straight line with GL. And since FK is equal and parallel to HG, and HG is equal and parallel to ML, FK is also equal and parallel to ML; and the straight lines KM, FL join them.
καὶ αἱ ΚΜ, ΖΛ ἄρα ἴσαι τε καὶ παράλληλοί εἰσιν· παραλληλόγραμμον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΚΖΛΜ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ μὲν ΑΒΔ τρίγωνον τῷ ΖΘ παραλληλογράμμῳ, τὸ δὲ ΔΒΓ τῷ ΗΜ, ὅλον ἄρα τὸ ΑΒΓΔ εὐθύγραμμον ὅλῳ τῷ ΚΖΛΜ παραλληλογράμμῳ ἐστὶν ἴσον.
Therefore KM, FL are also equal and parallel; therefore KFLM is a parallelogram. And since the triangle ABD is equal to the parallelogram FH, and DBC to GM, the whole rectilineal figure ABCD is equal to the whole parallelogram KFLM.
τῷ ἄρα δοθέντι εὐθυγράμμῳ τῷ ΑΒΓΔ ἴσον παραλληλόγραμμον συνέσταται τὸ ΚΖΛΜ ἐν γωνίᾳ τῇ ὑπὸ ΖΚΜ, ἥ ἐστιν ἴση τῇ δοθείσῃ τῇ Ε· ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι.
Therefore, the parallelogram KFLM has been constructed equal to the given rectilineal figure ABCD in the angle FKM, which is equal to the given angle E; which was to be done.
§1.prop.46ἀπὸ τῆς δοθείσης εὐθείας τετράγωνον ἀναγράψαι.
To describe a square on a given straight line.
ἔστω ἡ δοθεῖσα εὐθεῖα ἡ ΑΒ· δεῖ δὴ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ εὐθείας τετράγωνον ἀναγράψαι.
Let the given straight line be AB; it is required to describe a square on the straight line AB.
ἤχθω τῇ ΑΒ εὐθείᾳ ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς αὐτῇ σημείου τοῦ α πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἡ ΑΓ, καὶ κείσθω τῇ ΑΒ ἴση ἡ ΑΔ· καὶ διὰ μὲν τοῦ Δ σημείου τῇ ΑΒ παράλληλος ἤχθω ἡ ΔΕ, διὰ δὲ τοῦ Β σημείου τῇ ΑΔ παράλληλος ἤχθω ἡ ΒΕ. παραλληλόγραμμον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΔΕΒ·
Through the point A on the straight line AB let AC be drawn at right angles to it, and let AD be placed equal to AB; and through the point D let DE be drawn parallel to AB, and through the point B let BE be drawn parallel to AD.
ἴση ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ μὲν ΑΒ τῇ ΔΕ, ἡ δὲ ΑΔ τῇ ΒΕ. ἀλλὰ ἡ ΑΒ τῇ ΑΔ ἐστιν ἴση·
Therefore ADEB is a parallelogram; therefore AB is equal to DE, and AD to BE.
αἱ τέσσαρες ἄρα αἱ ΒΑ, ΑΔ, ΔΕ, ΕΒ ἴσαι ἀλλήλαις εἰσίν· ἰσόπλευρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΔΕΒ παραλληλόγραμμον.
But AB is equal to AD; therefore the four straight lines BA, AD, DE, EB are equal to one another; therefore the parallelogram ADEB is equilateral.
λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ ὀρθογώνιον.
I say then that it is also right-angled.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ εἰς παραλλήλους τὰς ΑΒ, ΔΕ εὐθεῖα ἐνέπεσεν ἡ ΑΔ, αἱ ἄρα ὑπὸ ΒΑΔ, ΑΔΕ γωνίαι δύο ὀρθαῖς ἴσαι εἰσίν.
For since a straight line AD falls upon the parallel straight lines AB, DE, the angles BAD, ADE are equal to two right angles.
ὀρθὴ δὲ ἡ ὑπὸ ΒΑΔ· ὀρθὴ ἄρα καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ ΑΔΕ. τῶν δὲ παραλληλογράμμων χωρίων αἱ ἀπεναντίον πλευραί τε καὶ γωνίαι ἴσαι ἀλλήλαις εἰσίν·
But the angle BAD is right; therefore the angle ADE is also right.
ὀρθὴ ἄρα καὶ ἑκατέρα τῶν ἀπεναντίον τῶν ὑπὸ ΑΒΕ, ΒΕΔ γωνιῶν· ὀρθογώνιον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΔΕΒ. ἐδείχθη δὲ καὶ ἰσόπλευρον.
And in parallelogrammic areas the opposite sides and angles are equal to one another; therefore each of the opposite angles ABE, BED is also right; therefore ADEB is right-angled. And it was also proved equilateral.
τετράγωνον ἄρα ἐστίν· καί ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ εὐθείας ἀναγεγραμμένον· ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι.
Therefore it is a square; and it has been described on the straight line AB; which was to be done.