§1## ΜΟΧΛΙΚΟΣ.
1.
Instruments of Reduction. 1.
Ὀστέων φύσις·
The nature of the bones.
δακτύλων μὲν ἁπλᾶ καὶ ὀστέα καὶ ἄρθρα·
Those of the fingers are simple, both bones and joints.
χειρὸς δὲ καὶ ποδὸς πουλλὰ, ἄλλα ἀλλοίως συνηρθρωμένα·
Those of the hand and the foot are many, articulated in various ways.
μέγιστα δὲ τὰ ἀνωτάτω·
The largest are those at the top.
πτέρνης δὲ ἓν οἷον ἔξω φαίνεται, πρὸς δὲ αὐτὴν οἱ ὀπίσθιοι τένοντες τείνουσιν.
The heel consists of a single bone which appears to project outwards, and to this the posterior tendons extend.
Κνήμης δὲ δύο, ἄνωθεν καὶ κάτωθεν ξυνεχόμενα, κατὰ μέσον δὲ διέχοντα σμικρόν·
The leg has two bones, joined above and below, but slightly separated in the middle.
τὸ ἔξωθεν, κατὰ τὸν σμικρὸν δάκτυλον λεπτότερον βραχεῖ, πλεῖστον δὲ ταύτῃ διεχούσῃ καὶ σμικροτέρῃ ῥοπῇ κατὰ γόνυ, καὶ ὁ τένων ἐξ αὐτοῦ πέφυκεν, ὁ παρὰ τὴν ἰγγύην ἔξω·
The outer bone, on the side of the little toe, is slightly thinner, and is most separated at this point, having a smaller inclination at the knee, and the tendon arises from it, the one beside the outer part of the ham.
ἔχουσι δὲ κάτωθεν κοινὴν ἐπίφυσιν, πρὸς ἣν ὁ ποὺς κινέεται·
Below, they have a common epiphysis, to which the foot is moved.
ἄλλην δὲ ἄνωθεν ἔχουσιν ἐπίφυσιν, ἐν ᾗ τὸ τοῦ μηροῦ ἄρθρον κινέεται, ἁπλόον καὶ εὐσταλὲς ὡς ἐπὶ μήκει·
Above, they have another epiphysis, in which the joint of the thigh moves, which is simple and light in proportion to its length.
εἶδος κονδυλῶδες, ἔχον ἐπιμυλίδα·
Its form is condyloid, having an epimylis.
αὐτὸς δ᾿ ἔγκυρτος ἔξω καὶ ἔμπροσθεν·
The thigh-bone itself is curved outwards and forwards.
ἡ δὲ κεφαλὴ ἐπίφυσίς ἐστι στρογγύλη, ἐξ ἧς τὸ νεῦρον τὸ ἐν τῇ κοτύλῃ τοῦ ἰσχίου πέφυκεν·
Its head is a round epiphysis, from which arises the ligament in the cotyle of the hip.
ὑποπλάγιον δὲ καὶ τοῦτο προσήρτηται, ἧσσον δὲ βραχίονος.
This is also attached somewhat obliquely, but less so than that of the upper arm.
Τὸ δ᾿ ἰσχίον προσίσχεται πρὸς τῷ μεγάλῳ σπονδύλῳ τῷ παρὰ τὸ ἱερὸν ὀστέον, χονδρονευρώδει δεσμῷ.
The hip-bone is attached to the large vertebra near the sacred bone by a cartilaginous-ligamentous band.
Ῥάχις δὲ ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ ἱεροῦ ὀστέου μέχρι τοῦ μεγάλου σπονδύλου κυφή·
The spine is curved outwards from the sacred bone to the large vertebra.
κύστις τε καὶ γονὴ καὶ ἀρχοῦ τὸ ἐγκεκλιμένον, ἐν τούτῳ·
The bladder, the organs of generation, and the inclined part of the rectum are within this curve.
ἀπὸ δὲ τούτου ἄχρι φρενῶν ἦλθεν ἡ ἰθύλορδος, καὶ αἱ ψόαι κατὰ τοῦτο, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἄχρι τοῦ μεγάλου σπονδύλου, τοῦ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐπωμίδων, ἰθυκυφής·
From this point to the diaphragm, it proceeds in a straight inward curve, and the psoas muscles are along this.
ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον δοκέει, ἢ ἐστίν·
From there to the large vertebra above the shoulders, it is straight and curved outwards.
αἱ γὰρ ὄπισθεν τῶν σπονδύλων ἀποφύσιες ταύτῃ ὑψηλόταται·
It appears even more so than it is, for the posterior processes of the vertebrae are highest in this part.
τὸ δὲ τοῦ αὐχένος ἄρθρον, λορδόν.
The joint of the neck is curved inwards.
Σπόνδυλοι δὲ ἔσωθεν ἄρτιοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἔξωθεν χόνδρων νεύρῳ συνεχόμενοι·
The vertebrae are even with one another on the inside, but are held together by a ligament from the outer cartilages.
ἡ δὲ ξυνάρθρωσις αὐτῶν, ἐν τῷ ὄπισθεν τοῦ νωτιαίου·
Their articulation is behind the spinal cord.
ὄπισθεν δὲ ἔχουσιν ἔκφυσιν ὀξείην, ἔχουσαν ἐπίφυσιν χονδρώδεα, ἔνθεν νεύρων ἀπόφυσις καταφερὴς, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ μύες παραπεφύκασιν ἀπὸ αὐχένος ἐς ὀσφὺν, πληρεῦντες δὲ πλευρέων καὶ ἀκάνθης τὸ μέσον.
Behind they have a sharp process, which has a cartilaginous epiphysis, from which there is a downward offshoot of ligaments, just as the muscles also grow along from the neck to the loins, filling the space between the ribs and the spine.
Πλευραὶ δὲ κατὰ τὰς διαφύσιας τῶν σπονδύλων νευρίῳ προσπεφύκασιν ἀπ᾿ αὐχένος ἐς ὀσφὺν ἔσωθεν, ἐπίπροσθεν δὲ κατὰ τὸ στῆθος, χαῦνον καὶ μαλθακὸν τὸ ἄκρον ἔχουσαι·
The ribs are attached by a small ligament inside at the intervals between the vertebrae, from the neck to the loins, and in front, near the breast, they have their ends spongy and soft.
εἶδος ῥαιβοειδέστατον τῶν ζώων·
Their shape is the most curved of all animals, for in this part man is the narrowest in proportion to his bulk.
στενότατος γὰρ ταύτῃ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐπ᾿ ὄγκον·
Where the ribs have a short and broad lateral process, they are attached to each vertebra by a small ligament.
ᾗ δὲ δὴ πλευρῇσιν ἔκφυσις πλαγίη βραχείη καὶ πλατείη, ἐφ᾿ ἑκάστῳ σπονδύλῳ νευρίῳ προσπεφύκασιν.
The breastbone is continuous with itself, having lateral intervals where the ribs are attached, and is spongy and cartilaginous.
Στῆθος δὲ ξυνεχὲς αὐτὸ ἑωυτῷ, διαφύσιας ἔχον πλαγίας, ᾗ πλευραὶ προσήρτηνται, χαῦνον δὲ καὶ χονδρῶδες.
The clavicles are curved toward the front, having slight movements toward the breastbone, but more frequent ones toward the acromion.
Κληῗδες δὲ περιφερέες ἐς τοὔμπροσθεν, ἔχουσαι πρὸς μὲν τὸ στῆθος βραχείας κινήσιας, πρὸς δὲ τὸ ἀκρώμιον συχνοτέρας.
The acromion arises from the scapulae, unlike in most animals.
Ἀκρώμιον δὲ ἐξ ὠμοπλατέων πέφυκεν, ἀνομοίως τοῖσι πλείστοισιν.
The scapula is cartilaginous toward the spine, and the rest is spongy, having its uneven surface on the outside, and having a cartilaginous neck and cavity, from which the ribs have their movement, being easily detached from the bones, except for the humerus.
Ὠμοπλάτη δὲ χονδρώδης τὸ πρὸς ῥάχιν, τὸ δ᾿ ἄλλο χαύνη, τὸ ἀνώμαλον ἔξω ἔχουσα, αὐχένα δὲ καὶ κοτύλην ἔχουσα χονδρώδεα, ἐξ ἧς αἱ πλευραὶ κίνησιν ἔχουσιν, εὐαπόλυτος ἐοῦσα ὀστέων, πλὴν βραχίονος.
The head of this humerus is suspended from the cavity by a small ligament, having a round epiphysis of spongy cartilage.
Τούτου δὲ ἐκ τῆς κοτύλης νευρίῳ ἡ κεφαλὴ ἐξήρτηται, χόνδρου χαύνου περιφερῆ ἐπίφυσιν ἔχουσα·
The humerus itself is curved outwards and forwards, being oblique, not straight in relation to the cavity.
αὐτὸς δ᾿ ἔγκυρτος ἔξω καὶ ἔμπροσθεν, πλάγιος, οὐκ ὀρθὸς πρὸς κοτύλην.
Its part toward the elbow is broad, condyloid, valved, and solid, hollowed out behind, in which the coronoid process of the forearm is received when the arm is extended.
Τὸ δὲ πρὸς ἀγκῶνα αὐτοῦ, πλατὺ καὶ κονδυλῶδες καὶ βαλβιδῶδες καὶ στερεὸν, ἔγκοιλον ὄπισθεν, ἐν ᾧ ἡ κορώνη ἡ ἐκ τοῦ πήχεος, ὅταν ἐκταθῇ ἡ χεὶρ, ἔνεστιν·
Into this also the numbing nerve, which arises from the middle of the interval between the bones of the forearm, terminates.
ἐς τοῦτο καὶ τὸ ναρκῶδες νεῦρον, ὃ ἐκ τῆς διαφύσιος τῶν τοῦ πήχεος ὀστέων, ἐκ μέσων, ἐκπέφυκε καὶ περαίνεται.
2.
§22.
A broken nose is to be reshaped, if possible, immediately.
Ῥὶς δὲ κατεαγεῖσα ἀναπλάσσεται, εἰ οἷόν τε, αὐθωρόν.
If indeed it is the cartilage, one should insert lint of linen wrapped in Carthaginian skin, or in some other substance which will not irritate.
Κἢν μὲν οὖν ὁ χόνδρος, ἐντιθέναι ἄχνην ὀθονίου ἐναποδέοντα λοπῷ καρχηδονίῳ, ἢ ἐν ἄλλῳ, ὃ μὴ ἐρεθιεῖ·
With the skin, one should glue together the displacements and support it.
τῷ λοπῷ δὲ τὰς παραλλάξιας παρακολλᾷν, καὶ ἀναλαμβάνειν.
A bandage does these things appropriately.
Ταῦτα δὲ ἐπίδεσις κατὰ ποιέει.
The treatment is with flour mixed with manna, or with sulfur mixed with cerate.
Ἴησις, ἀλήτῳ ξὺν μάννῃ, ἢ θείῳ ξὺν κηρωτῇ.
Immediately reshape, then support with the fingers, pressing in and turning aside; and use the Carthaginian skin.
Αὐτίκα ἀναπλάσεις, ἔπειτα ἀνακωχήσεις τοῖσι δακτύλοισιν, ἐσματτευόμενος καὶ παραστρέφων· καὶ τὸ καρχηδόνιον. Πωροῖτο ἂν, καὶ ἢν ἕλκος ἐνῇ, καὶ ἢν ὀστέα ἀπιέναι μέλλῃ (οὐ γὰρ παλιγκοτώτατα), οὕτω ποιητέα.
Callus would form, even if there is a wound, and even if bones are about to come away (for they are not highly prone to malignancy), and so it must be done.