§44.
4.
Τιτρώσκεται δὲ ὀστέον τὸ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ τοσούσδε τρόπους· τῶν δὲ τρόπων ἑκάστου πλέονες ἰδέαι γίγνονται τοῦ κατήγματος ἐν τῇ τρώσει.
The bone in the head is wounded in the following ways; and of each of these ways, there are multiple forms of the fracture in the wound.
Ὀστέον ῥήγνυται τιτρωσκόμενον, καὶ τῷ περιέχοντι ὀστέῳ τὴν ῥωγμὴν, ἀνάγκη φλάσιν προσγίγνεσθαι, ἤνπερ ῥαγῇ·
The bone is fractured when wounded, and it is necessary that bruising be added to the bone surrounding the fracture, if indeed it is fractured.
τῶν γὰρ βελέων ὅ τι περ ῥήγνυσι τὸ ὀστέον, τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο καὶ φλᾷ τὸ ὀστέον ἢ μᾶλλον, ἢ ἧσσον, αὐτό τε ἐν ᾧπερ καὶ ῥήγνυσι τὴν ῥωγμὴν, καὶ τὰ περιέχοντα ὀστέα τὴν ῥωγμήν· εἷς οὗτος τρόπος.
For whatever missile fractures the bone, this same missile also bruises the bone to a greater or lesser degree, both at the very place where it makes the fracture, and in the bones surrounding the fracture; this is the first way.
Ἰδέαι δὲ ῥωγμέων παντοῖαι γίγνονται· καὶ γὰρ λεπτότεραί τε καὶ λεπταὶ πάνυ, ὥστε οὐ καταφανέες γίγνονται ἔστιν αἳ τῶν ῥωγμέων, οὔτε αὐτίκα μετὰ τὴν τρῶσιν, οὔτ᾿ ἐν τῇσιν ἡμέρῃσιν, ἐν ᾗσιν ἂν καὶ πλέον ὄφελος γένοιτο ἐκ τούτου τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ· αἱ δ᾿ αὖ παχύτεραί τε καὶ εὐρύτεραι ῥήγνυνται τῶν ῥωγμέων· ἔνιαι δὲ καὶ πάνυ εὐρέαι.
There are all kinds of forms of fractures; for some fractures are quite fine and very thin, so that they are not visible, either immediately after the wound, or during the days in which it would be of greater benefit to the man; others again of the fractures are thicker and wider, and some are indeed very wide.
Ἔστι δὲ αὐτέων καὶ αἳ μὲν ἐπὶ μακρότερον ῥήγνυνται, αἳ δὲ ἐπὶ βραχύτερον.
And some of them fracture over a longer distance, and others over a shorter distance.
Καὶ αἱ μὲν ἰθύτεραί τε καὶ ἰθεῖαι πάνυ, αἱ δὲ καμπυλώτεραί τε καὶ καμπύλαι· καὶ βαθύτεραί τε ἐς τὸ κάτω καὶ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ὀστέου, καὶ ἧσσον βαθεῖαι ἐς τὸ κάτω, καὶ οὐ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ὀστέου.
And some are straighter and completely straight, while others are more curved and crooked; and some are deeper downwards and through the whole bone, and others less deep downwards and not through the whole bone.
§55.
5.
Φλασθείη δ᾿ ἂν τὸ ὀστέον μένον ἐν τῇ ἑωυτοῦ φύσει, καὶ ῥωγμὴ τῇ φλάσει οὐκ ἂν προσγένοιτο ἐν τῷ ὀστέῳ οὐδεμία· δεύτερος οὗτος τρόπος.
And the bone may be bruised while remaining in its natural position, and no fracture at all may accompany the bruising in the bone; this is the second way.
Ἰδέαι δὲ τῆς φλάσιος πλείους γίγνονται· καὶ γὰρ μᾶλλόν τε καὶ ἧσσον φλᾶται, καὶ ἐς βαθύτερόν τε καὶ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ὀστέου, καὶ ἧσσον ἐς βαθὺ, καὶ οὐ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ὀστέου, καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον τε καὶ ἔλασσον μήκεός τε καὶ πλατύτητος.
There are multiple forms of bruising; for it is bruised to a greater or lesser degree, and deeper and through the whole bone, and less deep and not through the whole bone, and over a greater or lesser length and width.
Ἀλλ᾿ οὐ τουτέων τῶν ἰδεῶν οὐδεμίαν ἐστὶν ἰδόντα τοῖσιν ὀφθαλμοῖσι γνῶναι, ὁκοίη τίς ἐστι τὴν ἰδέην, καὶ ὁκόση τις τὸ μέγεθος· οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ πέφλασται, ἢ μὴ πέφλασται, ἐόντων πεφλασμένων καὶ τοῦ κακοῦ γεγενημένου, γίγνεται τοῖσιν ὀφθαλμοῖσι καταφανὲς ἰδεῖν αὐτίκα μετὰ τὴν τρῶσιν, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τῶν ῥωγμέων ἔνιαι ἑκὰς ἐοῦσαι.
But it is not possible to know by seeing with the eyes any of these forms, what kind of form it is, and how large it is; for even if it is bruised, or is not bruised, when it has been bruised and the harm has occurred, it does not become visible to see with the eyes immediately after the wound, just as some fractures that are far from sight do not.
§66.
6.
Καὶ ἐῤῥωγότος τοῦ ὀστέου, ἐσφλᾶται τὸ ὀστέον ἐκ τῆς φύσιος τῆς ἑωυτοῦ ἔσω σὺν ῥωγμῇσιν· ἄλλως γὰρ οὐκ ἂν ἐσφλασθείη·
And when the bone is fractured, the bone is depressed inwards from its natural position together with fractures; for otherwise it would not be depressed.
τὸ γὰρ ἐσφλώμενον, ἀποῤῥηγνύμενόν τε καὶ καταγνύμενον, ἐσφλᾶται ἔσω ἀπὸ τοῦ ἄλλου ὀστέου μένοντος ἐν τῇ φύσει τῇ ἑωυτοῦ· καὶ δὴ οὕτω ῥωγμὴ ἂν προσείη τῇ ἐσφλάσει· τρίτος οὗτος τρόπος.
For the part depressed, being broken off and fractured, is depressed inwards away from the rest of the bone which remains in its natural position; and indeed in this way a fracture would accompany the depression; this is the third way.
Ἐσφλᾶται δὲ τὸ ὀστέον πολλὰς ἰδέας· καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ πλέον τοῦ ὀστέου καὶ ἐπ᾿ ἔλασσον, καὶ μᾶλλόν τε καὶ ἐς βαθύτερον κάτω, καὶ ἧσσόν τε καὶ ἐπιπολαιότερον.
And the bone is depressed in many forms; for both over a greater part of the bone and over a smaller part, and more and deeper downwards, and less and more superficially.
§77.
7.
Καὶ ἕδρης γενομένης ἐν τῷ ὀστέῳ βέλεος, προσγένοιτο ἂν ῥωγμὴ τῇ ἑδραίῃ· καὶ φλάσιν προσγενέσθαι ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν, ἢ μᾶλλον, ἢ ἧσσον, ἤνπερ καὶ ῥωγμὴ προσγένηται, ἐνθάπερ ἡ ἕδρη ἐγένετο καὶ ἡ ῥωγμὴ, καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀστέῳ τῷ περιέχοντι τήν τε ἕδρην καὶ τὴν ῥωγμήν· τέταρτος οὗτος τρόπος.
And when an indentation of a missile occurs in the bone, a fracture may accompany the indentation; and it is necessary that bruising be added, to a greater or lesser degree, if indeed a fracture also accompanies it, both where the indentation and the fracture occurred, and in the bone surrounding the indentation and the fracture; this is the fourth way.
Καὶ ἕδρη μὲν ἂν γένοιτο, φλάσιν ἔχουσα τοῦ ὀστέου περὶ αὐτὴν, ῥωγμὴ δὲ οὐκ ἂν προσγένοιτο τῇ ἕδρῃ καὶ τῇ φλάσει ὑπὸ τοῦ βέλεος.
And an indentation may occur, having bruising of the bone around it, but a fracture may not accompany the indentation and the bruising by the missile.
Καὶ ἕδρη δὲ τοῦ βέλεος γίγνεται ἐν τῷ ὀστέῳ· ἕδρη δὲ καλέεται, ὅταν, μένον τὸ ὀστέον ἐν τῇ ἑωυτοῦ φύσει, τὸ βέλος στηρίξαν ἐς τὸ ὀστέον δῆλον ποιήσῃ ὅκου ἐστήριξεν.
And indeed, an indentation of the missile occurs in the bone; and it is called an indentation when, the bone remaining in its natural position, the missile, having lodged in the bone, makes it clear where it lodged.
Ἐν δὲ τῷ τρόπῳ ἑκάστῳ πλέονες ἰδέαι γίγνονται· καὶ περὶ μὲν φλάσιός τε καὶ ῥωγμῆς, ἢν ἄμφω ταῦτα προσγένηται τῇ ἕδρῃ, καὶ ἢν φλάσις μούνη γένηται, ἤδη πέφρασται, ὅτι πολλαὶ ἰδέαι γίνονται καὶ τῆς φλάσιος καὶ τῆς ῥωγμῆς.
And in each way multiple forms occur; and concerning bruising and fracture, if both of these accompany the indentation, and if bruising alone occurs, it has already been stated that many forms occur of both the bruising and the fracture.
Ἡ δὲ ἕδρη αὐτὴ ἐφ᾿ ἑωυτῆς γίνεται, μακροτέρη καὶ βραχυτέρη ἐοῦσα, καὶ καμπυλωτέρη, καὶ ἰθυτέρη, καὶ κυκλοτερής· καὶ πολλαὶ ἄλλαι ἰδέαι τοῦ τοιουτέου τρόπου, ὁκοῖον ἄν τι καὶ τὸ σχῆμα τοῦ βέλεος ᾖ· αὐταὶ δὲ καὶ βαθύτεραι τὸ κάτω καὶ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧσσον, καὶ στενότεραι, καὶ εὐρύτεραι, καὶ πάνυ εὐρέαι.
But the indentation itself occurs on its own, being longer or shorter, and more curved, and straighter, and circular; and there are many other forms of this kind of way, depending on what the shape of the missile may be; and they are also deeper downwards to a greater or lesser degree, and narrower, and wider, and very wide.
Ἣ διακέκοπται διακοπὴ δ᾿, ὁκοσητισοῦν γιγνομένη μήκεός τε καὶ εὐρήτητος ἐν τῷ ὀστέῳ, ἕδρη ἐστὶν, ἢν τὰ ἄλλα ὀστέα τὰ περιέχοντα τὴν διακοπὴν μένῃ ἐν τῇ φύσει τῇ ἑωυτέων, καὶ μὴ ξυνεσφλᾶται τῇ διακοπῇ ἔσω ἐκ τῆς φύσιος τῆς ἑωυτέων· οὕτω δ᾿ ἔσφλασις ἂν εἴη, καὶ οὐκ ἔτι ἕδρη.
And a cleft—and any cleft, of whatever length and width it may be in the bone, is an indentation, if the other bones surrounding the cleft remain in their natural position, and are not depressed inwards together with the cleft from their natural position; but in that case it would be a depression, and no longer an indentation.